The product type that is subject to US extra jurisdictional reach over non-US banks and non-US persons under the USA PATRIOT Act is Correspondent Banking. According to the Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialist (the 6th edition) Study Guide, "The USA PATRIOT Act extends the reach of the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes to non-U.S. banks and non-U.S. persons. This extra jurisdictional reach includes, but is not limited to, correspondent banking."

A deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) is a type of enforcement action that allows a financial institution to avoid criminal prosecution if it admits to wrongdoing, pays a fine, and agrees to remediate its AML program deficiencies within a specified period of time1. A cease and desist order (C&D) is another type of enforcement action that requires a financial institution to stop engaging in unsafe or unsound practices or violations of law, and to take corrective actions to address its AML program weaknesses2. Both of these actions are commonly used by regulators to address serious or systemic AML program failures by financial institutions, as evidenced by recent cases345.
References:
1: Deferred Prosecution Agreement - Wikipedia
2: FFIEC BSA/AML Appendices - Appendix R - Enforcement Guidance
3: FinCEN Announces $15 Million Civil Money Penalty against Bancredito International Bank for Willful Violations of the Bank Secrecy Act
4: Lessons From The Seven Largest AML Bank Fines In 2021
5: Fines for AML Compliance Failures - ACAMS Today

Enhanced due diligence (EDD) is a set of additional measures that must be applied by financial institutions (FIs) in higher-risk situations, such as when dealing with customers or transactions from high-risk third countries, customers who are politically exposed persons (PEPs), or customers who present a higher risk of money laundering or terrorist financing. EDD may include obtaining more information on the customer's identity, source of funds, source of wealth, business relationships, and purpose of the transaction, as well as conducting more frequent and intensive ongoing monitoring of the customer's activities.
However, EDD may be bypassed for certain situations where the risk of money laundering or terrorist financing is low, and where the customer is subject to adequate supervision and regulation in the EU or the US. According to the CAMS Study Guide - 6th Edition1, one such situation is when on-boarding a casino that is part of an international hotel chain, provides less than 50% of overall revenue and that fully complies with group-wide policies and procedures. This is because such a casino is likely to have a low risk profile, as it is not the main source of income for the hotel chain, and it adheres to the same standards and controls as the rest of the group. Therefore, EDD may not be necessary for this situation, and the FI may apply simplified due diligence (SDD) instead.
The other situations listed in the question are not eligible for bypassing EDD, as they involve higher-risk factors, such as dealing with customers or entities from high-risk third countries, customers with complex ownership structures, or customers who are PEPs. These situations require FIs to apply EDD measures to mitigate the risk of money laundering or terrorist financing.
References:
* CAMS Study Guide - 6th Edition, Chapter 3, Section 3.4, page 84
* White Paper on KYC - Enhanced Due-Diligence, page 2
* Anti-money laundering - a guide to customer due diligence, page 3
* Enhanced Due Diligence for High-risk Customers, page 1

When a financial institution is requested to provide data and information to a law enforcement agency for matters related to the financing of terrorism, assistance cannot be refused on the grounds of tipping-off.
Tipping-off refers to disclosing to a customer or any third party that a suspicious activity report (SAR) has been filed. However, in this specific context, the obligation to provide information to law enforcement takes precedence over any concerns related to tipping-off. Financial institutions must cooperate fully with law enforcement agencies in such cases to combat money laundering and terrorist financing12.
References:
31 CFR 1010.520 (a) (2)
FinCEN: Fact Sheet on the Rapid Response Program (RRP)
FinCEN.gov
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) BSA/AML Examination Manual