Cash couriers are individuals who physically transport cash or other monetary instruments across borders or within a country, often to avoid detection by authorities or reporting obligations. Cash couriers are a common method used by terrorist financiers to move funds without leaving an audit trail, as cash is anonymous, portable, and widely accepted12.
1: ACAMS CAMS Certification Video Training Course, Module 4: Terrorist Financing, Section 4.2: Methods of Terrorist Financing, Slide 9 2: ACAMS CAMS Certification Study Guide, 6th Edition, Chapter 4: Terrorist Financing, Page 97 Reference:https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/FATF%20Terrorist%20Financing%
20Typologies%20Report.pdf(24)

Layering is the second stage of the money laundering process, in which the launderer moves the funds around to create distance and confusion between the source and the destination of the illicit proceeds. Layering often involves multiple transactions, such as wire transfers, shell companies, trusts, and offshore accounts, that make it difficult to trace the origin and ownership of the funds. Layering is intended to disguise the audit trail and provide anonymity for the launderer12.
Placement is the first stage of the money laundering process, in which the launderer introduces the illicit proceeds into the financial system, often by breaking them into smaller amounts or using cash-intensive businesses12.
Structuring is a technique used in the placement stage, in which the launderer deposits or withdraws cash in amounts below the reporting threshold to avoid detection or suspicion12.
Integration is the third and final stage of the money laundering process, in which the launderer reintroduces the funds into the legitimate economy, often by purchasing assets, investing in businesses, or mixing them with legal income12.
1: ACAMS (2020), Study Guide for the Certification Examination, 6th Edition, ACAMS, Miami, FL, USA, www.acams.org/en/cams-certification-package-6th-edition, pp. 12-14. 2: ACAMS (2020), CAMS Examination Preparation Video, 6th Edition, ACAMS, Miami, FL, USA, www.acams.org/en/cams- certification-package-6th-edition, Module 1.

According to the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, banks should adopt a risk-based approach to customer due diligence, which includes four essential elements1:
* A customer acceptance policy that defines the types of customers that are likely to pose a higher than average risk to the bank.
* A customer identification program that collects and verifies information about the customer's identity, beneficial ownership, and purpose of the account or relationship.
* An on-going monitoring of high-risk accounts to detect and report any unusual or suspicious activity, and to keep customer information up-to-date.
* A risk management program that ensures that the bank's policies and procedures are implemented effectively, and that the bank's staff are trained and aware of their AML/CFT obligations.
Therefore, documenting a customer acceptance policy and establishing on-going monitoring of high-risk accounts are the correct choices for the essential elements that should be included in the program based on Basel's KYC principles.
1: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Customer due diligence for banks, October 2001, page 8.

According to the FATF Procedures for the Fourth Round of AML/CFT Mutual Evaluations1, jurisdictions that are determined to have strategic deficiencies in their regimes to counter money laundering, terrorist financing, and proliferation financing are subject to the FATF's International Cooperation Review Group (ICRG) process. The ICRG process involves the following actions for such jurisdictions:
Demonstrate a high-level commitment to swiftly resolve the identified deficiencies in the FATF mutual evaluation report. This commitment should be made in writing to the FATF President and should include an action plan with specific deadlines and milestones to address the deficiencies.
Report to FATF on the implementation of their progress under the enhanced follow-up mechanism. The FATF will monitor the progress of the jurisdiction through regular reports and on-site visits, and will decide whether the jurisdiction has made sufficient progress to exit the ICRG process or whether further actions are required, such as public statements, counter-measures, or suspension of membership.
The other options are not resulting actions for jurisdictions with strategic deficiencies, as they are either not part of the FATF procedures or not consistent with the FATF's objectives and principles. For example, the FATF does not issue private statements regarding the level of compliance of a jurisdiction, nor does it allow a jurisdiction to appeal for a technical compliance re-rating based on its own criteria. The FATF also does not grant extensions of deadlines for jurisdictions to improve their regimes, as this would undermine the credibility and effectiveness of the mutual evaluation process.
1: Mutual Evaluations - Financial Action Task Force
2: Procedures for the FATF Fourth Round of AML/CFT Mutual Evaluations
Reference: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/high-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/documents
/increased-monitoring-june-2021.html

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommends that financial institutions pay special attention to non- face-to-face business relationships or transactions when dealing with new or developing technologies. These include digital channels, online platforms, and virtual interactions. The increased use of technology for remote transactions poses unique risks related to customer identification, authentication, and due diligence. Financial institutions must implement robust controls to mitigate these risks and ensure compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CFT) requirements12.
References:
FATF Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT
FATF: New Technologies for AML/CFT
FATF Recommendation 15: New technologies