This includes civil monetary penalties, criminal prosecution, and other enforcement actions. These penalties can be enforced against foreign individuals, regardless of whether the individual is located within the US or abroad. Additionally, OFAC has the authority to impose sanctions on foreign countries and foreign individuals, including individuals and entities located outside of the US.

Retail banks typically have a high inherent risk of money laundering due to their provision of cash services.
This is because cash is a preferred medium of exchange for criminals and terrorists, and retail banks provide a convenient way for them to move large sums of money without detection. Retail banks are also vulnerable to money laundering through the use of false identities and other deceptive practices. (CAMS Manual, 6th Edition, Page 8).

This is when a customer or a transaction does not provide sufficient or credible information about their identity, source of funds, business activity, or purpose of the transaction. Lack of transparency can indicate that the customer or the transaction is trying to conceal the origin, ownership, or destination of illicit funds, or to evade regulatory scrutiny or reporting obligations. Lack of transparency is a common risk factor for money laundering and terrorist financing, especially in high-risk jurisdictions or sectors.
The other options are not necessarily red flags, although they may increase the risk or require further due diligence depending on the circumstances and the risk profile of the customers and countries involved. Option A describes a referral by a longtime friend of the dealer, which may be a legitimate source of trust or business relationship, but it does not substitute the need for proper customer identification and verification. Option B describes the location of the precious metals dealer, which may be a high-risk jurisdiction due to factors such as weak governance, corruption, crime, or sanctions, but it does not imply that the dealer or the customer is involved in money laundering. Option C describes the amount and nature of the transaction, which may be unusual or large, but it does not necessarily indicate money laundering, as long as the customer can provide a reasonable explanation and evidence for the source and use of funds.
ACAMS CAMS Certification Video Training Course - 6th Edition1
Exam CAMS: Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialist (the 6th edition)2 ACAMS CAMS Study Guide - 6th Edition, Chapter 3, pages 64-65
https://www.acams.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ACAMS-CAMS-Study-Guide-6th-Edition-Chapter-3.pdf

When reviewing business operations of a Money Services Business (MSB), it is critical to identify behaviors that indicate potential money laundering activity. TheCAMS Study Guide - 6th Editionoutlines severalred flagscommonly associated with MSBs.
Option Ais correct:
A customer beinghesitant to provide beneficiary information, such as the name or address, is a red flag. It may indicate attempts to hide the true purpose or recipient of the funds and could suggeststructuring or layering activity.
Option Dis correct:
A customer usingmultiple accounts under different namesto conduct transactions is a strong red flag. This could indicate efforts toobscure ownership, avoid detection, or conductsuspicious structuringbehavior to stay below reporting thresholds.
Option Bis incorrect:
While large cash deposits from cash-intensive businesses may require further review, they are not inherently suspicious unlessinconsistent with the nature of the business or transaction volume.
Option Cis incorrect:
Currency exchanges under the reporting threshold, even from high-risk jurisdictions, are not in themselves red flags unless they show a pattern ofstructuringor are part oflarger suspicious behavior.
Option Eis incorrect:
Frequent small-dollar transfers to a native country may benormal remittance behaviorand only become suspicious if tied to additional indicators such asstructuring or third-party involvement.
Reference: ACAMS CAMS Study Guide - 6th Edition, Chapter:Recognizing and Reporting Suspicious Activity- Section:Red Flags for Money Services Businesses