Deterrence Theory in Criminology:
* This theory posits that crime can be prevented by making the potential consequences severe enough to deter individuals from offending. It emphasizes the certainty, severity, and swiftness of punishment.
Why A is Correct:
* The threat of criminal sanctions is a cornerstone of deterrence theory, designed to reduce crime by increasing the perceived risks and consequences.
References:
* Criminological studies and fraud deterrence strategies emphasize the effectiveness of deterrence in reducing criminal behavior.

Definition of Organizational Crime:
* Organizational crime refers to illegal actions committed by a corporation or individuals acting on behalf of the organization to benefit the corporation or its leaders.
* Examples include antitrust violations, environmental crimes, and fraudulent financial reporting.
Why B is Correct:
* A price-fixing scheme involves collusion among companies to manipulate prices, a clear example of organizational crime designed to benefit the involved corporations.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
* Options A, C, and D represent individual crimes for personal gain, not organizational crimes.

* Key Elements of an Ethics Program:
* An effective ethics program involves assessing existing issues, such as ethical leadership gaps, and designing policies and practices to address them.
* Analysis of Other Options:
* A. Restricted access: Ethics policies should be accessible to external parties, including stakeholders, to enhance transparency.
* C. Written policy alone: A written policy is insufficient without ongoing communication, training, and leadership support.
* D. All of the above: Incorrect because options A and C are not true.
* Conclusion:Considering existing ethical leadership issues is critical when designing an effective ethics program.

* Importance of Documenting Organizational Hierarchies:
* Clearly defined hierarchies help establish accountability, delineate responsibilities, and ensure the proper flow of information, reducing opportunities for fraud.
* It minimizes ambiguity in roles and reporting lines, which are often exploited in fraudulent schemes.
* Preventive Value:
* By ensuring that employees know whom to report to and how to escalate concerns, organizations foster transparency and reduce fraud risk.
* Conclusion:Proper documentation and communication of hierarchies are effective tools in fraud prevention.

* Purpose of a Code of Conduct:
* A professional code of conduct serves as a guideline for ethical behavior, provides benchmarks for decision-making, and facilitates enforcement within the profession.
* It does not replace the personal responsibility to exercise individual judgment and consult one's conscience.
* Analysis of Other Options:
* B, C, and D: These accurately describe the purposes of a professional code of conduct.
* Conclusion:The code of conduct does not eliminate the need for personal ethical reflection, making Option A incorrect.