Concurrent engineering is a method of designing and developing products in which the different stages run simultaneously, rather than consecutively. It decreases product development time and also the number of errors and rework. By involving all the relevant stakeholders, such as engineering, manufacturing, marketing, and purchasing, in the design process from the beginning, concurrent engineering reduces the need for product design changes later in the product life cycle. References:
*APICS CPIM Part 2 Exam Content Manual, p. 15
*[APICS CPIM Learning System Version 8.0], Module 2, Section B, p. 2-17

A pull system initiates production in response to actual customer demand, rather than a forecast. Make-to- order (MTO) and engineer-to-order environments typically operate under pull systems.
"Pull systems authorize production based on actual consumption or customer order."
- CPIM ECO Module; JIT and Lean Principles