Explanation
The psychological contract is the unwritten and implicit agreement between an organization and its employees, which defines their mutual expectations and obligations. The psychological contract can be broken when either party fails to fulfill their promises or obligations, such as changing the terms and conditions of employment, reducing the benefits or rewards, or violating the trust or respect. When the psychological contract is broken, it can have negative effects on the organization, such as lower employee engagement, commitment, and loyalty; higher turnover, absenteeism, and grievances; and lower productivity, quality, and innovation. Therefore, one of the effects of breaking the psychological contract is that the likelihood of achieving performance targets reduces. The other options are not effects of breaking the psychological contract, but rather causes or consequences of other factors.

Explanation
Emergent change is a type of change that arises from within an organization, rather than being imposed from outside. Emergent change is influenced by complex responsive processes, which are the patterns of interaction and communication that occur among people in an organization. To manage these processes, change leaders should focus on the main purpose of the change rather than specific events, as this helps to create a shared vision and direction for the change. The other options are not good advice for managing complex responsive processes, as they either ignore, restrict, or overreact to them, which can hinder the emergence and adaptation of the change. References:
https://apmg-international.com/sites/default/files/Change%20Management%20Foundation%20Sample%20Paper (page 11)

Explanation
Mayfield's seven principles of stakeholder engagement are:
* Engagement is a two-way process
* Identification is a continuous practice -new stakeholders emerge during a change old ones can fade away
* Different levels of engagement are required depending on where people are along the change journey
* Engagement requires empathy -understanding what matters most to stakeholders
* Engagement requires authenticity -being honest about what can be influenced
* Engagement requires creativity -finding ways to involve stakeholders in meaningful ways
* Engagement requires courage -being prepared to have difficult conversations Therefore, option B is one of Mayfield's seven principles of stakeholder engagement. References:
https://apmg-international.com/sites/default/files/Change%20Management%20Foundation%20Sample%20Paper (page 11)

Explanation
Mayfield's stakeholder radar technique is a tool that helps to monitor and manage stakeholders throughout the life cycle of a change initiative. The technique involves plotting stakeholders on a radar chart according to four dimensions: engagement needs(how much attention they require), domain (their area of interest or expertise), impact (how much they are affected by the change), and influence (how much they can affect the change). By tracking these dimensions over time, the technique can help to identify changes in the stakeholder's engagement needs and domain, as well as any potential risks or opportunities for engagement.
References:
* https://apmg-international.com/files/document/change-management-foundation-online-brochure
* https://www.mayfield.consulting/stakeholder-radar/

Explanation
According to Morgan, flux and transformation is a metaphor that describes an organization where formal management of change is impossible because the organization is constantly changing and evolving in response to its environment. This metaphor views organizations as complex adaptive systems that are self-organizing, emergent, and nonlinear.
References:
* https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_90.htm
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228163085_Images_of_Organization