The contract provision that relieves the parties from performing their contractual obligations when certain circumstances like natural disasters, terrorist attacks, etc arise is called Force majeure. Force majeure is an example of exclusion clause.
An exemption clause in a contract is a term which either limits or excludes a party's liability for a breach of contract. In order for an exclusion clause to be binding and operable upon the parties, the clause must:
1. The clause must be incorporated into the contract as a term.
2. The clause must pass the test of construction.
3. The clause must not be rendered unenforceable by the statutory provisions in the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 or the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (enacting the Consumer Rights Bill 2013-14).
Reference:
- Exclusion Clauses Lecture
- CIPS study guide page 149
LO 3, AC 3.2

There are 3 types of KPI measure:
- Binary KPIs
- Quantitative KPIs (or numerical)
- Qualitative KPIs
User satisfaction is subjective, therefore, using qualitative assessment is the best answer.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.2

Many firms have compliance policies for suppliers in place. To ensure that the supplier actually comply with the standards set out, the purchaser can employ the right to audit. The buyer usually obtains the right to examine records of a vendor to determine if a fraud or a violation of company policy has occurred through the following methods:
- Right-to-audit agreement The agreement can be printed on the back of a purchase order, contract, or other procurement form.
- A simple request If the right-to-audit agreement wasn't included on the procurement form, and the buyer suspects irregularities, he may have to beg the vendor to allow an audit to be performed. If the buyer is a major customer of the vendor, the buyer may be able to wield a big enough stick to obtain permission to look at the records.
- Right-to-audit Pitfalls
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 160
- Reserving the Right to Audit the Suspicious Vendor: Right-to-audit clauses in vendor contracts help control fraud and abuse by affording discovery devices in examinations.
LO 3, AC 3.2

Procurement teams use key performance indicators (KPIs) to ensure vendors comply with (and hopefully exceed) the obligations outlined in a contract. They help us better understand suppliers' performance, measure their output over a long period of time, and identify areas where improvement is needed.
Put simply, it's good business sense to make sure you're actually getting what you've paid for. This might be as straightforward as confirming a product or service is delivered on time, which means the KPIs you need to use will be minimal and basic.
Reference:
- Supplier KPIs | 7 Performance Indicators You Should Be Measuring - Una
- CIPS study guide page 101-102
LO 2, AC 2.2

Gainshare is an incentive for cost control
Liquidated damage is common type of disincentive for late completion
Service credit is a remedy for not achieving targets set out in an SLA
Fixed bonus payment is an incentive for early completion
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3