Competitive tendering is ideal for high-value contracts where technical expertise is essential. This method supports responsible sourcing by ensuring quality and aligning the supplier's capabilities with the buyer's needs, as required in more complex procurement scenarios.

ITT is appropriate for complex/high-value procurements needing detailed submissions and robust evaluation.
RFQ suits simple, well-specified, lower-value buys where price comparison is primary.
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2): LO "Implementation" - sourcing procedures (RFI/RFQ/ITT) matched to complexity and risk.

When evaluating quotations, responsible buyers must look beyond headline price. Lead times (1) affect operational continuity. Add-on costs (2) (e.g., packaging, delivery, handling) can significantly change total cost. Past performance (4) demonstrates reliability and quality, crucial for ethical and sustainable sourcing.
Wastage rates (3) may be relevant but are typically assessed in performance monitoring, not initial quotation evaluation. This holistic view aligns with the total cost of ownership (TCO) approach promoted by CIPS, ensuring procurement decisions account for both direct and indirect impacts.
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2), LO: "Application" - quotation evaluation and TCO analysis.

ISO 20400 is sustainable procurement.
14000 is environment
9001 is quality management
27001 is information security

a balance sheet shows 'equity, assets and liabilities'. The other financial statements you need to know for this exam are cash flow statements and and income statements.
If you're not familiar with these three I strongly recommend you do some further reading on this before the exam if you can. This is helpful: How the 3 Financial Statements are Linked Together - Step by Step (corporatefinanceinstitute.com)