The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, also known as the Harmonized System (HS) of tariff nomenclature is an internationally standardized system of names and numbers to classify traded products. It came into effect in 1988 and has since been developed and maintained by the World Customs Organization (WCO) (formerly the Customs Co-operation Council), an independent intergovernmental organization based in Brussels, Belgium, with over 200 member countries.
The Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) is an identifier for trade items, developed by GS1. Such identifiers are used to look up product information in a database (often by entering the number through a barcode scanner pointed at an actual product) which may belong to a retailer, manufacturer, collector, researcher, or other entity.
The Global Location Number can be used by companies to identify their locations, giving them complete flexibility to identify any type or level of location required.
The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a number, usually unique, to identify 3GPP and iDEN mobile phones, as well as some satellite phones.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.2

Minimum open aisle width for standard counterbalance forklift is 10.5-13.1 ft. You can look at the minimum aisle width for different equipment here, or calculate yourself with an instruction here.
LO 1, AC 1.3

In principle, use of any materials involves an environmental cost. Some packaging materials use a lot of natural resources and energy to produce. The journey taken by packaging from raw material to manufacturing and then to the initial user also incurs a 'carbon footprint'. The weight of packag-ing contributes to the fuel usage of vehicles while the volume used can add up to additional jour-neys or the use of larger vehicles. Finally, the reuse, return, disposal or recycling will also involve additional to the environmental cost.
In this question:
- 'Purchase
the packaging materials in bulk' may incur additional fuel and carbon footprint in delivering these materials
- 'Try to reduce the costs of packaging' may prompt the organisation to use less eco-friendly and cheap materials like polystyrene chips
- 'Not use the packaging materials at all' can increase the environmental performance of packag-ing activities, but it also harms the products to be delivered and may cause other environmental problems (i.e. spillage of toxic chemicals into the environment) So the correct answer should be: 'Adopt international environmental packaging standards'. The International Standards Organisation (ISO) has published several standards regarding packaging and environment, namely ISO 18601, ISO 18602, ISO 18603, ISO 18604, ISO 18605, ISO 18606.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.3

According to L4M7 study guide, acquisition costs in procurement are the costs associated with the activities involved in a purchase. A buying organisation incurs acquisition costs in low-value purchases as well as high-value purchases. The following purchases tend to have lower acquisition costs:
- Straight re-buy from a current supplier
- Purchase of standard catalogued products
Otherwise, any purchases of high value, high-risk items generally require greater attention of buying organisation and thus, they are likely to have higher acquisition costs. Spot purchase of a technically complexed machinery, Purchase of ERP system and Procurement of construction projects are examples of high-value, high-risk purchases.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1

The main improvements from ERP to ERP II are the following:
- ERP II is web enabled as compared to Conventional ERP Which is not.
- ERP is restricted to provide selected exhaustive or rigorous or wide-spread coverage in its mod-ules. But as compared to ERP, ERP II provides the true and accurate blend of the macro and the micro and affords customers with curative actions/measures after identifying the slip-up/error or fault;
- ERP was embattled more headed for manufacturing or industrialization and the dilemma or difficulty is conquer in ERP II by endowing clarification for all kind of industries and sectors.
- ERP is not in the position or could not possibly integrate/incorporate diverse functions from di-verse departments/divisions but ERP II could possibly do so as well as from different industries as compared to conventional ERP.
- For WEB and WAP connectivity ERP II grip CRM and SCM Functionalities.
- ERP II be obliged the function and purpose to an external/outdoor one and smooth the progress of better networks than remaining as internal/interior application.
Reference:
- Next Generation Enterprise Resource Planning: ERP II
- CIPS study guide page 119-122
LO 2, AC 2.3