The bullwhip effect (or Forrester effect) is a distribution channel phenomenon in which forecasts yield supply chain inefficiencies. It refers to increasing swings in inventory in response to shifts in customer demand as one moves further up the supply chain.
Seasonal demand: consumer interest in purchasing particular products only during a specific peri-od within the calendar year.
OPITZ is a coding system used to form Groups in Group Technology philosophy of Manufactur-ing.
The Pareto Curve is the shape created when the bars of a Pareto Chart are progressively summed and the points joined together. The final curve ends at 100% of items in the chart, which means that you can then draw a line across at 80% and 'bounce' it down to find the bar which, when combined with all bars to its left, will give 80% of all items.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 112
LO 2, AC 2.3

Multi-part pricing. The transaction price is calculated from using two or more metrics rather than just one.
The most common economic example of a price structure beyond unit pricing is called a two-part tariff.
Basically it can be described such that the "entrance fee" provides the privilege of purchasing the metered component. A common multi-part tariff is the two-part tariff in electricity, under which the customer pays a monthly fee for access and a usage fee for consumption of electricity. With this two-part tariff, the operator is able to charge a price equal to marginal cost for electricity, which is profit maximizing, and deviate from marginal cost pricing in the fee for access.
Freemium is an internet-based pricing strategy where a service is offered for free in the beginning, but the price is charged on the premium package with some additional features. However, freemium pricing strategy is different from the premium pricing strategy because freemium offers free sample which you can use without paying anything, you'll only be charged when you want additional features.
Demand pricing is also synonymously used for dynamic pricing; it is a relative term used in the online platform. Dynamic pricing means different pricing is charged from the different customers depending upon the urgency, customer's ability and demand of the customers.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 140-141
LO 3, AC 3.1

The total cost of ownership would be the sum of all estimated costs.
The costs are as the following:
- Purchase price: $1,000
- Electricity consumption: $200
- Extended warranty: $75
Total expense = $1,000 + $200 +$75 = $1,275. Then subtract the resale price from this sum, the total cost of ownership is $1,025.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 136-169
LO 3, AC 3.1

Just-in-Time (JIT) aims to:
* Improve quality by ensuring defect-free products that meet customer expectations.
* Reduce inventory levels: The JIT approach minimizes holding costs by producing and delivering goods as needed.
Whole-life asset management values JIT for optimizing inventory control, reducing waste, and enhancing quality while keeping storage costs minimal.