Dependability, quality and flexibility are universal performance criteria which can be applied to any organisation. This is taken from p.4 of the study guide where it talks about the 5 performance criteria set out by Slack and Brandon-Jones. The other two universal criteria are speed and cost. Cost reduction isn't universal- not every organisation will be concerned with reducing costs. The same with innovation- not every company needs to innovate. For example if you're a zip manufacturer who sells zips to the clothing industry- there is no need to innovate as your product will always be the same.

The other 5 principles are; customer focus, system integration, communication and continuous improvement

4 is the correct answer. Aggregate Capacity Analysis looks as medium-term capacity to see whether supply can match demand. This is from p.23. Aggregate means 'from a group or cluster' and therefore requires quite a few bits of data. For this reason option 1 is incorrect as this describes a very short term look at capacity analysis.

Externally supportive is the final stage of the Hayes and Wheelwright Operations Contribution Model. At this stage Operations is proactive, and has high levels of innovation and adaption. See p.31

Firstly, the sentence is true, so you can discount options 3 and 4. A high-visibility company is one where customers see the operating process. Examples include education- students sit in the classroom so see the teaching process, and the postal service, where customers receive notifications of when parcels will be delivered. Low-visibility means the customer doesn't see the operating process, so an example of this would be agriculture or manufacturingcustomers just see the end result. Where customers see the process, companies require higher levels of customer management skills. Between options 1 and 2, 1 is correct - this is a direct quote from p.50. Where you have highvisibility, you will likely need to employ more staff, deal with customers on the phone/ in person and companies will probably have more complaints- all of which cost money.