In federated identity management, the identity provider (IdP) is responsible for authenticating users and making assertions about their identity to the relying party (which could be a service or application that trusts the IdP). The IdP and the relying party establish a trust relationship in advance, which allows the IdP to assert that a user is authenticated, often in the form of security tokens or assertions like SAML or OpenID Connect.
The IdP that authenticates users and makes assertions, not the relying party. The relying party does not make assertions to the IdP; the relying party relies on assertions made by the IdP. The IdP and relying party do have a direct trust relationship in federated identity management.

An SDP creates a "dark" network, visible only to authorized users, enhancing security by hiding infrastructure from potential attackers. Reference: [Security Guidance v5, Domain 7 - Infrastructure & Networking]

SASE reduces latency and enhances performance by filtering traffic closer to the user, avoiding the need to backhaul traffic to a central data center. Reference: [Security Guidance v5, Domain 7 - Network Security]

Integrating testing early helps identify security vulnerabilities and configuration issues before they reach production, reducing remediation costs and time. Reference: [Security Guidance v5, Domain 10 - Application Security]

A key aspect of cloud risk management is taking a structured approach to identify, assess, and address risks related to using cloud services. This includes evaluating potential risks such as security vulnerabilities, data privacy issues, service outages, and compliance challenges. Effective risk management helps organizations proactively mitigate potential threats, ensuring the cloud environment is secure, compliant, and resilient.
A structured approach for performance optimization of cloud services is more related to performance management, not risk management. A structured approach to establishing the different what/if scenarios for cloud vs on-premise decisions refers to decision-making scenarios, not the identification and management of risks. A structured approach to SWOT analysis) is a strategic planning tool that focuses on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, but it is not specifically focused on cloud risk management.