The best way to identify the root cause of why the new cloud administrator cannot access the engineering VM is to review the administrator's permissions. It is possible that there is a configuration issue or a delay in updating the permissions for the newly promoted administrator.
Confirming that they have the same permissions as the other administrators will help determine if the issue is related to permissions.

Event-based scaling triggers resource adjustments based on predefined events rather than actual compute utilization or system load. In this case, the system is scaling up every time
2,000 new users subscribe, regardless of whether the underlying compute resources are actually under stress. This can lead to unnecessary scaling, increasing costs without improving performance.
To optimize scaling, the engineering team should consider a hybrid approach that combines event-based triggers with resource utilization metrics (e.g., CPU, memory, or network load) to prevent over-provisioning.

Vendor lock-in is a situation where a customer is so dependent on a particular vendor that they cannot easily switch to another vendor. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as the use of proprietary technology, the lack of documentation, or the high cost of switching.
In this case, the cloud administrator is concerned about the increasing monthly subscription rate for the hosted mail solution. They may also be concerned about the difficulty of migrating the large amount of data that is being hosted. These factors could contribute to vendor lock-in.

Refactoring is the process of restructuring existing computer code without changing its external behavior. In cloud computing, it often means modifying the application to better leverage cloud- native features and services. This can address user demand and reduce maintenance costs by making the application more scalable, resilient, and manageable.

git push uploads local repository changes to the remote repository, saving them so others can access the updated code.