Installing a host-based content filtering solution on the endpoints ensures that web traffic is filtered locally even when the VPN connection to the on-premises proxy fails, maintaining protection for remote users.
Network access control (A) manages device network access, local gateway configuration (B) does not solve protection if VPN fails, and public NAT (C) exposes internal resources and increases risk.
Endpoint filtering complements VPN for resilient web security, covered in Security Architecture and Operations#6:Chapter 11 CompTIA Security+ Study Guide#.

Chain of custody is the most important item to maintain for forensic evidence. It documents who collected the evidence, when it was collected, where it was stored, who accessed it, how it was transferred, and whether its integrity was preserved. Without a clear chain of custody, evidence can be challenged because there is no reliable proof that it was not altered, mishandled, contaminated, or replaced. Change management is important for production system modifications, not forensic evidence handling. Availability matters for system operations, but forensic work prioritizes integrity and admissibility. Reporting is required later to communicate findings, but reports are only credible if the underlying evidence has been preserved through proper custody controls.

Least privilege and application allow listing best support a cloud services policy designed to reduce user- introduced vulnerabilities and shadow IT. Least privilege ensures users only have the permissions required for their duties, reducing the chance that they can deploy unauthorized cloud resources, connect unapproved services, or expose sensitive data. Application allow listing restricts usage to approved applications and services, which directly reduces shadow IT and prevents users from adopting unvetted cloud tools. A trusted platform module protects cryptographic keys on hardware, not cloud service usage. Jailbreaking is a vulnerability or unsafe device modification, not a control. Access control lists are useful but narrower. File integrity monitoring tracks file changes and does not govern cloud service adoption.

Detailed Explanation:Authorization refers to the process of granting or denying specific rights to a user after verifying their identity through authentication. Reference: CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Study Guide, Domain 1: General Security Concepts, Section: "Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)".

Port 445 is used by the SMB protocol on Windows systems. Large volumes of unexpected traffic on TCP 445 are commonly associated with worms that exploit SMB vulnerabilities (such as WannaCry or NotPetya).
Worms are self-replicating malware that spread rapidly across a network, consuming bandwidth, causing high latency, and often resulting in network outages. This matches the scenario given, where network unavailability and abnormal port 445 traffic are observed.
References:
CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Official Study Guide, Domain 2.1, "Malware Types: Worms" CompTIA Security+ Exam Objectives: 2.1 CompTIA Glossary: "Worm-A self-replicating malware that spreads across networks, often exploiting vulnerabilities such as those in SMB (TCP 445)."