Layers of data governance are often part of the solution. This means determining where accountability should reside for stewardship activities and who the owners of the data are.

Technical Metadata provides data about the technical data, the systems that store data, and the processes that move between systems.

Domains can be identified in different ways including: data type; data format; list; range; and rule-based.

Preparation and pre-processing of historical data needed in a predictive model may be performed in nightly batch processes or in near real-time.

A synonym for transformation in ETL is mapping. Mapping is the process of developing the lookup matrix from source to target structures, but not the result of the process.