A smart card is a credit card-sized device used to securely store personal information such as certificates,
public and private keys, passwords, etc. It is used in conjunction with a PIN number to authenticate users. In
Windows, smart cards are used to enable certificate-based authentication. To use smart cards, Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) must be configured in Windows.
Answer option B is incorrect. Java Card is a technology that allows Java-based applications to be run securely
on smart cards and small memory footprint devices. Java Card gives a user the ability to program devices and
make them application specific. It is widely used in SIM
cards and ATM cards. Java Card products are based on the Java Card Platform specifications developed by
Sun Microsystems, a supplementary of Oracle Corporation. Many Java card products also rely on the global
platform specifications for the secure management of applications on the card. The main goals of the Java
Card technology are portability and security.
Answer option A is incorrect. Proximity card (or Prox Card) is a generic name for contactless integrated circuit
devices used for security access or payment systems. It can refer to the older 125 kHz devices or the newer
13.56 MHz contactless RFID cards, most commonly known as contactless smartcards. Modern proximity cards
are covered by the ISO/IEC 14443 (Proximity Card) standard. There is also a related ISO/IEC 15693 (Vicinity
Card) standard. Proximity cards are powered by resonant energy transfer and have a range of 0-3 inches in
most instances. The user will usually be able to leave the card inside a wallet or purse. The price of the cards is
also low, usually US$2-$5, allowing them to be used in applications such as identification cards, keycards,
payment cards and public transit fare cards.
Answer option C is incorrect. Secure Digital (SD) card is a non-volatile memory card format used in portable
devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, and handheld computers. SD cards are based on the older
MultiMediaCard (MMC) format, but they are a little thicker than MMC cards. Generally an SD card offers a
write-protect switch on its side. SD cards generally measure 32 mm x 24 mm x 2.1 mm, but they can be as thin
as 1.4 mm. The devices that have SD card slots can use the thinner MMC cards, but the standard SD cards
will not fit into the thinner MMC slots. Some SD cards are also available with a USB connector. SD card
readers allow SD cards to be accessed via many connectivity ports such as USB, FireWire, and the common
parallel port.

The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is used to share information between routers to transport IP Multicast packets among networks. It uses a reverse path-flooding technique and is used as the basis for the Internet's multicast backbone (MBONE). In particular, DVMRP is notorious for poor network scaling, resulting from reflooding, particularly with versions that do not implement pruning. DVMRP's flat unicast routing mechanism also affects its capability to scale. Answer option A is incorrect. The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is a Transport layer protocol designed to reserve resources across a network for an integrated services Internet. RSVP does not transport application data but is rather an Internet control protocol, like ICMP, IGMP, or routing protocols. RSVP provides receiver-initiated setup of resource reservations for multicast or unicast data flows with scaling and robustness. RSVP can be used by either hosts or routers to request or deliver specific levels of quality of service (QoS) for application data streams. RSVP defines how applications place reservations and how they can leave the reserved resources once the need for them has ended. RSVP operation will generally result in resources being reserved in each node along a path. Answer option C is incorrect. A remote procedure call (RPC) hides the details of the network by using the common procedure call mechanism familiar to every programmer. Like any ordinary procedure, RPC is also synchronous and parameters are passed to it. A process of the client calls a function on a remote server and remains suspended until it gets back the results. Answer option D is incorrect. LWAPP (Lightweight Access Point Protocol) is a protocol used to control multiple Wi-Fi wireless access points at once. This can reduce the amount of time spent on configuring, monitoring, or troubleshooting a large network. This also allows network administrators to closely analyze the network.

There are different methods that a device can use for logging information on a Cisco router:
Terminal logging: In this method, log messages are sent to the VTY session.
Console logging: In this method, log messages are sent directly to the console port.
Buffered logging: In this method, log messages are kept in the RAM on the router. As the buffer
fills, the older messages are overwritten by the newer messages.
Syslog logging: In this method, log messages are sent to an external syslog server where they are
stored and sorted.
SNMP logging: In this method, log messages are sent to an SNMP server in the network.
Answer option C is incorrect. This is an invalid option.