In CEH's web application and mobile security modules, improper session management is defined as a failure to enforce session expiration, token invalidation, or secure session lifecycle controls. When an application does not invalidate a session token after logout, attackers can exploit this by performing a replay attack:
reusing previously captured session identifiers to impersonate the user and gain unauthorized access. CEH teaches that replaying a live token is the simplest and most direct exploitation method because it does not require guessing or stealing new tokens-the attacker simply reuses a valid one that should have been invalidated. CSRF relies on exploiting a user's active session and is not required when the attacker already possesses a reusable token. Brute-forcing session tokens is computationally expensive and unnecessary. SQL injection is unrelated to session lifecycle flaws unless token storage is directly exposed. Therefore, a replay attack is the correct exploitation method.

The CEH web server attack methodology describes reconnaissance as a key phase, where testers gather publicly available information before attempting exploitation. Robots.txt is commonly used by administrators to instruct web crawlers about which directories should not be indexed. CEH emphasizes that attackers regularly review robots.txt because it often exposes sensitive directories unintentionally, providing valuable intelligence about internal structure, configuration paths, administrative pages, and potential weak points. In this scenario, the tester observes "Disallow" entries and then discovers the directories are not protected by authentication, allowing direct access to sensitive files. This falls under information gathering through exposed indexing instructions rather than directory traversal, which involves path-manipulation exploits. The tester is not altering file paths or inserting traversal sequences; instead, they are reviewing publicly available indexing instructions and discovering misconfigured access controls. This perfectly aligns with the reconnaissance phase of the CEH methodology, where attackers learn about server architecture using passive or minimally intrusive techniques.

The correct answer is C because network segmentation most directly disrupts the spread of ransomware across an organization. Ransomware encrypts or locks systems and demands payment for recovery; examples such as WannaCry are commonly discussed because they spread through vulnerable systems and network services. In the retrieved CEH-aligned material, WannaCry spread via SMB by scanning from an infected computer for other vulnerable systems and then executing against the next machine. Network segmentation reduces this risk by dividing the network into separate zones or VLANs and restricting unnecessary east-west communication between departments, servers, workstations, and critical systems. If one endpoint is infected, segmentation can prevent the malware from reaching file servers, domain controllers, backups, and other endpoints. Backups are extremely important for recovery, but they do not stop spread. IDS may detect suspicious activity, and AV may block known malware, but segmentation is the defense that most directly limits ransomware propagation.

CEH v13 identifies Idle (Zombie) Scanning as one of the most stealthy reconnaissance techniques. In this method, attackers use a third-party system (the zombie) to send probes to the target, obscuring the attacker's true identity.
Because the attacker never directly interacts with the target, detection and attribution become extremely difficult. FIN and Xmas scans are stealthy but still originate from the attacker's IP. TCP connect scans are noisy and easily detected.
CEH v13 highlights idle scanning as the gold standard for stealth reconnaissance, making option D correct.

The correct answer is D, Split DNS. Split DNS, also called split-horizon DNS, uses separate DNS views or servers for internal and external name resolution. In this configuration, the DNS server in the DMZ provides public-facing records for external users, while the internal DNS server provides private records for internal hosts and services. This prevents sensitive internal hostnames, IP addresses, and infrastructure details from being exposed to the public. CEH networking topics describe DNS as the system that translates hostnames to IP addresses and vice versa, making DNS records valuable during footprinting and enumeration. CEH perimeter-security material also explains that a DMZ is a buffer area between the internal private network and the external public network, used for services that must be reachable externally. DNSSEC is used to protect DNS integrity cryptographically, DynDNS maps changing IP addresses to names, and "DNS Scheme" is not the standard term. Therefore, this configuration is Split DNS.