Pub/Sub is a scalable and reliable messaging service that can handle large volumes of data from different sources at different rates. It allows you to decouple the producers and consumers of the data, and provides a durable and persistent storage for the messages until they are delivered. Cloud Functions is a serverless platform that can execute code in response to events, such as messages published to a Pub/Sub topic. It can scale automatically based on the load, and you only pay for the resources you use. By using Pub/Sub and Cloud Functions, you can optimize the storage and processing of the votes, as you can handle the variable rates of incoming votes, process them in real time or near real time, and avoid managing servers or VMs. References:
* Pub/Sub documentation
* Cloud Functions documentation
* Choosing a messaging service for Google Cloud

A deployment is responsible for keeping a set of pods running. A service is responsible for enabling network access to a set of pods.

An external HTTP(S) load balancer is a Google-recommended solution for distributing web traffic across multiple regions and zones, and providing high availability, scalability, and security for web applications. It supports both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and can handle SSL/TLS termination and encryption. It also integrates with Cloud CDN, Cloud Armor, and Cloud Identity-Aware Proxy for enhanced performance and protection.
A managed instance group (MIG) can be used as a backend service for the HTTP(S) load balancer, and can automatically scale the number of VM instances based on the CPU load. A Cloud Storage bucket can also be used as a backend service for the HTTP(S) load balancer, and can serve static content such as images, videos, or HTML files. A URL map can be used to route requests to different backend services based on the path or host of the request. For example, a URL map can send requests for /static/* to the Cloud Storage bucket, and requests for /dynamic/* to the MIG. A managed SSL certificate can be used to secure the connection between the clients and the load balancer, and can be automatically provisioned and renewed by Google.
A is incorrect because an internal HTTP(S) load balancer is only visible within a VPC network, and not to the public internet. It is used for internal applications that need to communicate with other internal services.
Identity-Aware Proxy is a service that provides secure access to web applications without using a VPN. It is not a load balancer, and it does not distribute user traffic.
B is incorrect because installing HTTPS certificates on the instance is not necessary, as the HTTP(S) load balancer can handle SSL/TLS termination and encryption. It is also more complex and less secure to manage the certificates on the instance level, as they need to be updated and synchronized across multiple instances.
D is incorrect because an external network load balancer is a TCP/UDP load balancer that operates at the network layer. It is not suitable for web applications that use HTTP(S) protocols, as it does not support SSL
/TLS termination and encryption, URL maps, or Cloud Storage backends. It is also less efficient and scalable to forward the requests to the Cloud Storage from the web servers, as it adds an extra hop and latency.
HTTP(S) Load Balancing documentation
Setting up HTTP(S) Load Balancing with Cloud Storage
Creating and using SSL certificates
Choosing a load balancer

This command correctly lists pods that have the label app=prod. When creating the deployment, we used the label app=prod so listing pods that have this label retrieve the pods belonging to nginx deployments. You can list pods by using Kubernetes CLI kubectl get pods.
Ref: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/list-all-running-container-images/ Ref: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/list-all-running-container-images/#list-containers-filtering-by-pod-label