Keyword, Version, traffic splitting, App Engine supports traffic splitting for versions before releasing.

performs a peering between the two VPC's (the statement makes sure that this option is feasible since it clearly specifies that there is no overlapping between the ip ranges of both vpc's), deploy the LoadBalancer as internal with the annotation, and configure the endpoint so that the compute engine instance can access the application internally, that is, without the need to have a public ip at any time and therefore, without the need to go outside the google network. The traffic, therefore, never crosses the public internet.
https://medium.com/pablo-perez/k8s-externaltrafficpolicy-local-or-cluster-40b259a19404
https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/internal-load-balancing clients in a VPC network connected to the LoadBalancer network using VPC Network Peering can also access the Service
https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/service-parameters

Spot VMs (formerly known as preemptible VMs) are Compute Engine virtual machine instances that are available at a much lower price than standard Compute Engine instances. However, Compute Engine might preempt (stop) these instances if it needs to reclaim those resources for other tasks. This makes Spot VMs ideal for batch processing jobs that are fault-tolerant and can handle interruptions, as they can be restarted when resources become available again. This directly addresses the requirement for a cost-effective solution for interruptible workloads.
Option A: While containerization offers portability and consistency, it doesn't inherently provide cost savings for compute resources. You would still need to choose a cost-effective underlying compute option.
Option B: Custom machine types allow you to tailor the CPU and memory configuration of your VMs, which can optimize costs to some extent by avoiding over-provisioning. However, they don't offer the significant cost reduction that Spot VMs provide.
Option C: The M1 machine series is a specific family of Compute Engine instances optimized for memory- intensive workloads. While potentially suitable for the job's requirements, it doesn't inherently address the cost-effectiveness requirement as directly as Spot VMs, which are priced lower regardless of the machine series.
Reference to Google Cloud Certified - Associate Cloud Engineer Documents:
The concept and use cases for Spot VMs are explicitly covered in the Compute Engine section of the Google Cloud documentation, which is a key area for the Associate Cloud Engineer certification. The cost savings and suitability for fault-tolerant workloads are highlighted as primary benefits.

OS Login is a Google-recommended practice for managing access to Linux VMs in Compute Engine. It centralizes user account management by linking the Linux user accounts on the VMs to Google Cloud identities. You then use IAM roles to grant users the necessary permissions to access the VMs (e.g., roles
/compute.osLogin or roles/compute.osAdminLogin). This simplifies management as you control access through IAM policies rather than managing individual SSH keys on each VM, thus minimizing operational costs.
Option B: While enabling OS Login is a good first step, writing custom startup scripts to manage user permissions adds complexity and operational overhead, contradicting the goal of simplification and minimizing costs.
Option C: Requiring developers to manage their own SSH keys and making the owner root is a significant security risk and not a recommended practice. It also doesn't centralize management.
Option D: This approach also involves managing individual SSH keys and custom scripts, which increases operational overhead and doesn't leverage the centralized management benefits of OS Login.
Reference to Google Cloud Certified - Associate Cloud Engineer Documents:
OS Login and its benefits for simplified and secure Linux VM access management are detailed in the Compute Engine documentation, which is a key area for the Associate Cloud Engineer certification. The integration with IAM for permission control is a central aspect of this service.