Explanation
The best way to specify a tag of v1.0.0 when referencing a module stored in Git is to append ?ref=v1.0.0 argument to the source path. This tells Terraform to use a specific Git reference, such as a branch, tag, or commit, when fetching the module source code. For example, source =
"git::https://example.com/vpc.git?ref=v1.0.0". This ensures that the module version is consistent and reproducible across different environments. References = [Module Sources], [Module Versions]

You can develop a custom provider to manage its resources using Terraform, as Terraform is an extensible tool that allows you to write your own plugins in Go language. You can also publish your custom provider to the Terraform Registry or use it privately.

The terraform apply command changes both the cloud infrastructure and the state file after you approve the execution plan. The command creates, updates, or destroys the infrastructure resources to match the configuration. It also updates the state file to reflect the new state of the infrastructure. The .terraform directory, the execution plan, and the Terraform code are not changed by the terraform apply command. Reference = Command: apply and Purpose of Terraform State

This is the workflow for deploying new infrastructure with Terraform, as it will create a plan and apply it to the target environment. The other options are either incorrect or incomplete.

The Terraform binary version and provider versions do not have to match each other in a single configuration.
Terraform allows you to specify provider version constraints in the configuration's terraform block, which can be different from the Terraform binary version1. Terraform will use the newest version of the provider that meets the configuration's version constraints2. You can also use the dependency lock file to ensure Terraform is using the correct provider version3. References =
*1: Providers - Configuration Language | Terraform | HashiCorp Developer
*2: Multiple provider versions with Terraform - Stack Overflow
*3: Lock and upgrade provider versions | Terraform - HashiCorp Developer