This is the best time to run terraform validate, as it will check your code for syntax errors, typos, and missing arguments before you attempt to create a plan. The other options are either incorrect or unnecessary.

The execution plan for terraform apply will not be the same as the one you ran locally with terraform plan, if your teammate manually modified the infrastructure component you are working on. This is because Terraform will refresh the state file before applying any changes, and will detect any differences between the state and the real resources.

This is where the Terraform local backend stores its state, by default, unless you specify a different file name or location in your configuration. The local backend is the simplest backend type that stores the state file on your local disk.

These are examples of infrastructure as code (IaC), which is a practice of managing and provisioning infrastructure through machine-readable definition files, rather than physical hardware configuration or interactive configuration tools.

In Terraform, the max function can be used to select the largest number from a list of numbers. The max function takes multiple arguments and returns the highest one. For the list numcpus = [18, 3, 7, 11, 2], using max(numcpus...) will return 18, which is the largest number in the list.
Reference:
Terraform documentation on max function: Terraform Functions - max