Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
* PBR (Policy-Based Routing)allows traffic to be forwarded based on specific policies.
* All options are correctsince Huawei PBR can match:
* A# Source IP address
* B# Source security zone
* C# Source MAC address
* D# Application
HCIP-Security References:
* Huawei HCIP-Security Guide # Policy-Based Routing Configuration

Understanding 802.1X Authentication in Wired Networks:
* 802.1X is a port-based network access control (PNAC) protocolthat requires aLayer 2 connection between thesupplicant (PC), the authenticator (switch), and the authentication server (e.g., RADIUS server).
* In wired networks,802.1X authentication occurs at the Ethernet switch (Layer 2 device), which enforces authenticationbefore allowing network access.
Why Must the Network Be Layer 2?
* 802.1X authentication operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) before any IP-based communication (Layer 3) occurs.
* If the authentication device and user terminal were on different Layer 3 networks, the authentication packets (EAPOL - Extensible Authentication Protocol Over LAN)would not be forwarded.
* In the figure, the authentication control point is at theaggregation switch, which means thePC and switch must be in the same Layer 2 domain.
Components of 802.1X Authentication in the Figure:
* Supplicant (PC)# The device requesting network access.
* Authenticator (Aggregation Switch)# The switch controlling access to the network based on authentication results.
* Authentication Server (iMaster NCE-Campus & AD Server)# Verifies user credentials and grants or denies access.
* Layer 2 Connectivity Requirement# ThePC must be in the same Layer 2 networkas the Authenticatorto communicate via EAPOL.
Why "TRUE" is the Correct answer:
* 802.1X authentication is performed before IP addresses are assigned, meaning it can only operate in a Layer 2 network.
* EAPOL (Extensible Authentication Protocol Over LAN) messages are not routableand must stay within a single Layer 2 broadcast domain.
* In enterprise networks,VLAN-based 802.1X authentication is often used, where authenticated users are assigned to a specific VLAN.
HCIP-Security References:
* Huawei HCIP-Security Guide# 802.1X Authentication in Enterprise Networks
* Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus Documentation# Authentication Control and NAC Deployment
* IEEE 802.1X Standard Documentation# Layer 2 Network Authentication

Explanation:
Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) in firewalls follow amulti-step processto detect and mitigate threats. The steps occur in a logical sequence:
1##Step 1: Identifies and Parses Application-Layer Protocols
* The firewall firstidentifies the protocol being used(e.g., HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP).
* Parsing the protocol helps the IPS engineunderstand how the data is structuredand what types of attacks might be embedded.
* This step is crucial for detectingprotocol-based attackslike SQL injection or cross-site scripting (XSS).
2##Step 2: Reassembles IP Fragments and TCP Flows
* Attackers oftensplit malicious payloads across multiple packetsto evade detection.
* The firewallreassembles fragmented packets and TCP flowsto reconstruct the full data stream.
* This step is critical for detectingevasion techniques such as fragmented attacks or out-of-order packet attacks.
3##Step 3: Performs Signature Matching
* Once the full data stream is reassembled, the IPScompares it against known attack signatures.
* Signature matching helps detect:
* Malware patterns(e.g., botnets, Trojans).
* Exploits targeting vulnerabilitiesin software and operating systems.
* Firewalls usepredefined signature databasesthat are regularly updated.
4##Step 4: Performs the Response Action Based on the IPS Profile
* If an attack is detected, the firewall takes anaction based on the IPS policy:
* Block the traffic(drop malicious packets).
* Alert the administrator(generate logs and alerts).
* Rate-limit traffic(slow down potential attack sources).
* Theresponse mechanism is customizablebased on security requirements.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
* Authentication-free rules allow unauthenticated users to access essential services before login.
* The following traffic must be allowed before authentication:
* DNS traffic# Users need to resolve domain names for the Portal page.
* Portal page access# The captive portal must be reachable.
* RADIUS server communication# Users must authenticate via RADIUS.
* Why is this statement true?
* Without these authentication-free rules, users would be unable to reach thePortal login page.
HCIP-Security References:
* Huawei HCIP-Security Guide # Portal Authentication-Free Rules

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
* DoS (Denial-of-Service)# A single attacker sends excessive traffic to a target.
* DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service)# Uses multiple compromised devices (zombies or botnets) to amplify the attack.
* Why is this statement true?
* DDoS attacks originate from multiple sources (botnets), unlike DoS attacks.
HCIP-Security References:
* Huawei HCIP-Security Guide # DoS vs. DDoS Attacks