What is the key difference between the European Council and the Council of the European Union?

SCENARIO
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BHealthy, a company based in Italy, is ready to launch a new line of natural products, with a focus on sunscreen. The last step prior to product launch is for BHealthy to conduct research to decide how extensively to market its new line of sunscreens across Europe. To do so, BHealthy teamed up with Natural Insight, a company specializing in determining pricing for natural products. BHealthy decided to share its existing customer information - name, location, and prior purchase history - with Natural Insight. Natural Insight intends to use this information to train its algorithm to help determine the price point at which BHealthy can sell its new sunscreens.
Prior to sharing its customer list, BHealthy conducted a review of Natural Insight's security practices and concluded that the company has sufficient security measures to protect the contact information. Additionally, BHealthy's data processing contractual terms with Natural Insight require continued implementation of technical and organization measures. Also indicated in the contract are restrictions on use of the data provided by BHealthy for any purpose beyond provision of the services, which include use of the data for continued improvement of Natural Insight's machine learning algorithms.
Under the GDPR, what are Natural Insight's security obligations with respect to the customer information it received from BHealthy?

SCENARIO
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Liem, an online retailer known for its environmentally friendly shoes, has recently expanded its presence in Europe. Anxious to achieve market dominance, Liem teamed up with another eco friendly company, EcoMick, which sells accessories like belts and bags. Together the companies drew up a series of marketing campaigns designed to highlight the environmental and economic benefits of their products. After months of planning, Liem and EcoMick entered into a data sharing agreement to use the same marketing database, MarketIQ, to send the campaigns to their respective contacts.
Liem and EcoMick also entered into a data processing agreement with MarketIQ, the terms of which included processing personal data only upon Liem and EcoMick's instructions, and making available to them all information necessary to demonstrate compliance with GDPR obligations.
Liem and EcoMick then procured the services of a company called JaphSoft, a marketing optimization firm that uses machine learning to help companies run successful campaigns. Clients provide JaphSoft with the personal data of individuals they would like to be targeted in each campaign. To ensure protection of its clients' data, JaphSoft implements the technical and organizational measures it deems appropriate. JaphSoft works to continually improve its machine learning models by analyzing the data it receives from its clients to determine the most successful components of a successful campaign. JaphSoft then uses such models in providing services to its client-base. Since the models improve only over a period of time as more information is collected, JaphSoft does not have a deletion process for the data it receives from clients. However, to ensure compliance with data privacy rules, JaphSoft pseudonymizes the personal data by removing identifying information from the contact information. JaphSoft's engineers, however, maintain all contact information in the same database as the identifying information.
Under its agreement with Liem and EcoMick, JaphSoft received access to MarketIQ, which included contact information as well as prior purchase history for such contacts, to create campaigns that would result in the most views of the two companies' websites. A prior Liem customer, Ms. Iman, received a marketing campaign from JaphSoft regarding Liem's as well as EcoMick's latest products. While Ms. Iman recalls checking a box to receive information in the future regarding Liem's products, she has never shopped EcoMick, nor provided her personal data to that company.
For what reason would JaphSoft be considered a controller under the GDPR?

SCENARIO
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TripBliss Inc. is a travel service company which has lost substantial revenue over the last few years. Their new manager, Oliver, suspects that this is partly due to the company's outdated website. After doing some research, he meets with a sales representative from the up-and-coming IT company Techiva, hoping that they can design a new, cutting-edge website for TripBliss Inc.'s foundering business.
During negotiations, a Techiva representative describes a plan for gathering more customer information through detailed Questionaires, which could be used to tailor their preferences to specific travel destinations. TripBliss Inc. can choose any number of data categories - age, income, ethnicity - that would help them best accomplish their goals. Oliver loves this idea, but would also like to have some way of gauging how successful this approach is, especially since the Questionaires will require customers to provide explicit consent to having their data collected. The Techiva representative suggests that they also run a program to analyze the new website's traffic, in order to get a better understanding of how customers are using it. He explains his plan to place a number of cookies on customer devices. The cookies will allow the company to collect IP addresses and other information, such as the sites from which the customers came, how much time they spend on the TripBliss Inc. website, and which pages on the site they visit. All of this information will be compiled in log files, which Techiva will analyze by means of a special program. TripBliss Inc. would receive aggregate statistics to help them evaluate the website's effectiveness. Oliver enthusiastically engages Techiva for these services.
Techiva assigns the analytics portion of the project to longtime account manager Leon Santos. As is standard practice, Leon is given administrator rights to TripBliss Inc.'s website, and can authorize access to the log files gathered from it. Unfortunately for TripBliss Inc., however, Leon is taking on this new project at a time when his dissatisfaction with Techiva is at a high point. In order to take revenge for what he feels has been unfair treatment at the hands of the company, Leon asks his friend Fred, a hobby hacker, for help. Together they come up with the following plan: Fred will hack into Techiva's system and copy their log files onto a USB stick. Despite his initial intention to send the USB to the press and to the data protection authority in order to denounce Techiva, Leon experiences a crisis of conscience and ends up reconsidering his plan. He decides instead to securely wipe all the data from the USB stick and inform his manager that the company's system of access control must be reconsidered.
With regard to TripBliss Inc.'s use of website cookies, which of the following statements is correct?

Under Article 58 of the GDPR, which of the following describes a power of supervisory authorities in European Union (EU) member states?