During the last year, an organization had an opening inventory of $300,000, purchases of $980,000, sales of
$1,850,000, and a gross margin of 40 percent. What is the closing inventory if the periodic inventory system is used?

Operational management in the IT department has introduced performance evaluation policies that are linked to employees achieving continuing education hours. This activity is designed to prevent which of the following conditions?

Due to price risk from the foreign currency purchase of aviation fuel, an airliner has purchased forward contracts to hedge against fluctuations in the exchange rate. When recalculating the exchange losses from individual purchases of jet fuel, which of the following details does the internal auditor need to validate?
1. The hedge documentation designating the hedge.
2. The spot exchange rate on the transaction date.
3. The terms of the forward contract.
4. The amount of fuel purchased.

Reviewing prior audit reports and supporting workpapers before an engagement starts enables an internal auditor to do which of the following?
1. To understand better the activity and processes that will be audited.
2. To identify the audit procedures that will be used during the engagement.
3. To ensure that matters of greatest vulnerability will be addressed.
4. To use the information obtained as evidence in the current engagement.

An internal audit activity is using the auditing-by-element approach to audit the organization's controls around corporate social responsibility. Which of the following would be an element for the internal audit activity to consider?