Recognition of an element of financial statement, income which includes revenue and gains) requires that two criteria be met. It must be probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item will flow to or from the enterprise, and the cost or value of the item must be measurable with reliability. The usual procedures for income recognition, e.g., that income be earned, reflect these criteria. Thus, income is recognized when an increase in future economic benefits is associated with an increase in an asset or a decrease in a liability. However, the enterprise has not substantially completed what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the advance payment, and the receipt of future economic benefits is not sufficiently certain to merit income recognition.
Accordingly, a liability should be recognized because the entity has a current obligation arising from a past event that will require an outflow of economic benefits, that is, to deliver goods or to refund the customer's money. The delivery of good is to take place within a year of the balance-sheet date, therefore, the obligations is expected to be settled in the normal course of the operating cycle or is due to be settled within 12 months.

The current generation of ERP software EPP II) has added front-office functions.
Customer relationship management applications in ERP II extend to customer service, finance-related matters, sales, and database creation and maintenance. Integrated data are helpful in better understanding customer needs, such as product preference or location of retail outlets. Thus, the organization may be able to optimize its sales forecasts, product line, and inventory levels.

Leased telephone circuits represent a direct exposure to the risk of breached
data integrity.
They use public lines that c. an be easily identified and tapped.

The expected value is calculated by weighting each sales estimate by the probability of its occurrence. Consequently, the expected value of sales is US $84,000 [$60,000 x .25) + ($85,000 x .40) + ($100,000 x .35)]. Cost of goods sold is therefore US $67,200 ($84,000 x 80%).