Each outage costs US $800, but this experience can be avoided by paying US $1,000 per month US $12,000 for the year). The expected-value approach uses the probability distribution derived from past experience to determine the average expected outages per month.

The company can expect to have, on average, 1.58334 outages per month. At US $800 per outage, the expected costs is US $1,266.67. Thus, paying US $1,000 to avoid an expense of US $1,266.67 saves US $266.67 per month, or US $3,200 per year.

The float period is the time between when a check is written and when it clears the payer's checking account. Check float results in an interest-free loan to the payer because of the delay between payment by check and its deduction from the bank account. If checks written require one more day to clear than checks received, the net float equals one day's receipts. The entity will have free use of the money for one day_ In this case, the amount is US $10,000.

TQM emphasizes the supplier's relationship with the customer and recognizes that everyone in a process is at some time a customer or supplier of someone else, either within or outside the organization. The costs of quality include costs of conformance and costs of nonconformance. Casts of conformance include prevention costs and appraisal inspection) costs. Nonconformance costs are composed of internal failure costs and external failure costs, such as lost opportunity. Conformance costs prevention and appraisal) increased substantially, whereas the nonconformance casts internal and external failure) decreased.
Hence, the increase in conformance casts resulted in a higher-quality product.