Implementing solutions to correct defects is a responsibility of the development function, not the quality assurance (QA) function. The QA function should ensure that the development process follows the established standards and methodologies, and that the defects are identified and reported. The QA function should not be involved in fixing the defects, as this would compromise its independence and objectivity. The other options are valid responsibilities of the QA function, and they should not raise concern for an IS auditor. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version) 1, page 300.

Imaging the affected system is the best way to protect evidence in a forensic investigation, because it creates a bit-by-bit copy of the original data that can be analyzed without altering or compromising the original source. Imaging preserves the integrity and authenticity of the evidence and allows for verification and validation of the results34. Powering down or rebooting the affected system can cause data loss or corruption, while protecting the hardware does not prevent unauthorized access or tampering with the software or data. References: 3: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 6, Section 6.4.1 4: CISA Online Review Course, Module 6, Lesson 4

The most useful metric for management to consider when reviewing a project portfolio is the net present value (NPV) of the portfolio. NPV is a measure of the profitability and value of a project or a portfolio of projects, taking into account the time value of money and the expected cash flows. NPV compares the present value of the future cash inflows with the present value of the initial investment and shows how much value is created or lost by undertaking a project or a portfolio of projects1. A positive NPV indicates that the project or portfolio is worth more than its cost and will generate a positive return on investment. A negative NPV indicates that the project or portfolio is worth less than its cost and will result in a loss. Therefore, NPV helps management to prioritize andselect the most profitable and valuable projects or portfolios that align with the organizational strategy and objectives2. The other options are less useful or incorrect because:
A). Cost of projects divided by total IT cost is not a useful metric for reviewing a project portfolio, as it does not reflect the benefits, value, or return of the projects. It only shows the proportion of IT budget allocated to the projects, which may not be indicative oftheir strategic importance or alignment3.
B). Expected return divided by total project cost is not a useful metric for reviewing a project portfolio, as it does not account for the time value of money and the timing of cash flows. It only shows the average return per unit of cost, which may not be comparable across different projects or portfolios with differentdurations, risks, and cash flow patterns4.
D). Total cost of each project is not a useful metric for reviewing a project portfolio, as it does not reflect the benefits, value, or return of the projects. It only shows theinitial investment required for eachproject, which may not be indicative of their profitability or viability5. References: Portfolio, Program and Project Management Using COBIT 5 - ISACA, Project PortfolioManagement - ISACA, CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Standards, Guidelines, Tools and Techniques

The best source of information to determine the required level of data protection on a file server is the data classification policy and procedures, which define the criteria and methods for classifying data according to its sensitivity, value, and criticality, and specify the appropriate security measures and controls for each data category. Data classification policy and procedures help to ensure that data is protected in proportion to its importance and risk exposure. Access rights of similar file servers, previous data breach incident reports,and acceptable use policy and privacy statements are not sufficient or reliable sources of information to determine the required level of data protection on a file server, as they do not provide clear and consistent guidance on how to classify and protectdata. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 5: Protection of Information Assets, Section 5.1: Information Asset Security Framework