Impact assessment is an activity that occurs during the issues management process for a system development project. Issues management is a process of identifying, analyzing, resolving, and monitoring issues that may affect the project scope, schedule, budget, or quality. Impact assessment is a technique of evaluating the severity and priority of an issue, as well as its implications for the project objectives and deliverables. The other options are not activities that occur during the issues management process, but rather related to other processes such as contingency planning, configuration management, or help desk management. References:
* CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 4, Section 4.3.31
* CISA Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Database, Question ID 217

Maintaining an onboarding and annual security awareness program is the best way to prevent social engineering incidents because it can educate the users about the common techniques and tactics used by social engineers and how to avoid falling victim to them. Ensuring user workstations are running the most recent version of antivirus software, including security responsibilities in job descriptions and requiring signed acknowledgment, and enforcing strict email security gateway controls are all good security practices, but they do not directly address the human factor that is exploited by social engineering. References:
* ISACA, CISA Review Manual, 27th Edition, 2020, p. 3671
* ISACA, CISA Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Database - 12 Month Subscription2

The best recommendation to improve IT governance within the organization is C. Require executive management to draft IT strategy. IT governance is the process of establishing and maintaining the policies, roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities for managing technology risks within an organization1. One of the key objectives of IT governance is to ensure alignment and integration between technology and business strategies, leading to optimal outcomes and value creation1. Therefore, it is essential that executive management, who are responsible for setting the vision, mission, and goals of the organization, are also involved in drafting the IT strategy that supports and enables them. By requiring executive management to draft IT strategy, the organization can:
Ensure that the IT strategy is consistent and coherent with the business strategy, and reflects the organization' s priorities, values, and culture2.
Enhance communication and collaboration between IT and business functions, and foster a shared understanding and commitment to the IT strategy2.
Increase accountability and transparency for IT performance and outcomes, and ensure that IT investments are aligned with the organization's risk appetite and value proposition2.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:
Thedata owneris the individual or entity responsible for classifying, protecting, and defining access permissions to data. They ensure that only authorized personnel can access, modify, or distribute data based on business needs and regulatory requirements.
* Data Owner (Correct Answer - B)
* The data owner is responsible forsetting user permissionsbased on job roles and business requirements.
* According toISACA's CISA Review Manual and COBIT 2019, the data owner determines access levels while IT personnel enforce them.
* Example:A finance department head (data owner) determines that only certain accountants should access sensitive payroll data.
* IT Operations Manager (Incorrect - A)
* Oversees IT infrastructure but does not define data access controls.
* Database Administrator (DBA) (Incorrect - C)
* Implements and enforces security settings but follows rules set by the data owner.
* Information Security Manager (Incorrect - D)
* Provides security guidance but does not decide specific access permissions.
References:
* ISACA CISA Review Manual
* COBIT 2019 Framework
* NIST 800-53 (Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems)