The greatest risk associated with the situation of business units purchasing cloud-based applications without IT support is that the applications may not reasonably protect data. Cloud-based applications are software applications that run on the internet, rather than on a local device or network. Cloud-based applications offer many benefits, such as scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness, but they also pose many challenges and risks, especially for data security1.
Data security is the process of protecting data from unauthorized access, use, modification, disclosure, or destruction. Data security is essential for ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data, as well as complying with legal and regulatory requirements. Data security is especially important for cloud-based applications, as data are stored and processed on remote servers that are owned and managed by third-party cloud service providers (CSPs)2.
When business units purchase cloud-based applications without IT support, they may not be aware of or follow the best practices and standards for data security in the cloud. They may not perform adequate risk assessments, vendor evaluations, contract reviews, or audits to ensure that the CSPs and the applications meet the organization's data security policies and expectations. They may not implement appropriate data encryption, backup, recovery, or disposal methods to protect the data in transit and at rest. They may not monitor or control the access and usage of the data by internal or external users. They may not report or respond to any data breaches or incidents that may occur3.
These actions or inactions may expose the organization's data to various threats and vulnerabilities in the cloud, such as cyberattacks, human errors, malicious insiders, misconfigurations, or legal disputes. These threats and vulnerabilities may result in data loss, leakage, corruption, or compromise, which may have serious consequences for the organization's reputation, operations, performance, compliance, and liability4.
Therefore, it is essential that business units consult and collaborate with IT support before purchasing any cloud-based applications, and follow the organization's guidelines and procedures for cloud security. IT support can help business units to select and use cloud-based applications that are suitable and secure for their needs and objectives.
References:
* Top 5 Risks With Cloud Software and How to Mitigate Them4
* Mitigate risks and secure your cloud-native applications3
* 12 Risks, Threats & Vulnerabilities in Moving to the Cloud2
* Best Practices to Manage Risks in the Cloud1

The greatest risk of using a reciprocal site for disaster recovery is the inability to utilize the site when required. A reciprocal site is an agreement between two organizations to provide backup facilities for each other in case of a disaster. However, this arrangement may not be reliable or enforceable, especially if both organizations are affected by the same disaster or have conflicting priorities. Therefore, the IS auditor should recommend that management consider alternative options for disaster recovery, such as dedicated sites or cloud services12. References:
* CISA Review Manual, 27th Edition, page 3381
* CISA Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Database - 12 Month Subscription

Low-priority jobs typically involve non-critical processes or tasks that do not immediately impact business operations. The best approach to handling such jobs is to schedule them subject to resource availability. This ensures that high-priority tasks can access resources when needed without being affected by the execution of low-priority tasks.
Avoiding Low-Priority Jobs (Option A)is not feasible because even low-priority tasks may be necessary for maintenance or support activities.
Including Major Functions in Low-Priority Jobs (Option B)contradicts the classification of "low-priority" because major functions are usually critical.
Allocating Optimal Resources to Low-Priority Jobs (Option C)is inefficient as resources should primarily be allocated to high-priority tasks.
Scheduling based on resource availability optimizes the use of resources, avoids unnecessary delays in high- priority activities, and ensures that low-priority tasks are executed without disrupting overall operations. This aligns with best practices in IT resource management and scheduling.
Reference:ISACA CISA Review Manual, Job Practice Area 3: Information Systems Operations and Business Resilience.

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification, and it is a technology that uses radio waves to identify or track objects that have a small chip (RFID tag) attached to them. RFID tags can store various types of information, such as serial numbers, product codes, or personal data. RFID readers can scan the tags from a distance and access the information without physical contact1.
RFID has many benefits for different applications, such as inventory management, supply chain optimization, asset tracking, and access control. However, RFID also poses some challenges and risks for information security and privacy. Some of these risks are:
Privacy: RFID tags can be read by unauthorized or malicious parties, who can collect personal or sensitive data without the knowledge or consent of the tag owners. This can lead to identity theft, profiling, tracking, or surveillance2. For example, a hacker could scan an RFID-tagged passport or credit card and steal the personal information or financial details of the owner3.
Communication attacks: RFID systems are vulnerable to various types of attacks that target the wireless communication between the tags and the readers. These include eavesdropping, jamming, spoofing, replaying, cloning, or modifying the data transmitted by the tags or the readers4. For example, an attacker could intercept the data from an RFID tag and alter it before sending it to the reader, causing false or misleading information to be recorded.
Mafia fraud: This is a type of attack where an adversary acts as a man-in-the-middle and relays the information between two legitimate parties. This can allow the adversary to bypass authentication or authorization mechanisms and gain access to restricted areas or resources. For example, an attacker could use a device to relay the signal from an RFID-tagged car key to the car's ignition system and start the car without having the physical key.