Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:
Failure torevoke access upon terminationposes the greatest security risk, as ex-employees could still access sensitive data or systems.
* No Policy to Revoke Access (Correct Answer - A)
* A terminated employee retaining access can lead todata breaches or insider threats.
* Example:A former employee misuses active credentials to access financial systems.
* Lack of Security Awareness Training (Incorrect - B)
* Important but does not pose an immediate security risk like an active ex-employee account.
* No NDAs (Incorrect - C)
* Protects intellectual property but is not as critical as system access.
* No Access Revocation for Role Changes (Incorrect - D)
* Still a concern, but ex-employees with active access are ahigherrisk.
References:
* ISACA CISA Review Manual
* NIST 800-53 (Access Control)

For an organization that has plans to implement web-based trading, it would be most important for an IS auditor to verify that the organization's information security plan includes security requirements for the new application. Security requirements are statements that define what security features and functions are needed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the web-based trading application and its data.
Security requirements should be identified and documented during the planning phase of the application development life cycle, before any design or coding activities take place. Attributes for system passwords, security training prior to implementation, and firewall configuration for the web server are also important aspects of information security, but they are not as essential as security requirements for ensuring that the web- based trading application meets its security objectives.

The finding that should be of most concern to an IS auditor when evaluating information security governance within an organization is that the data center manager has final sign-off on security projects. This indicates a lack of segregation of duties and a potential conflict of interest between the operational and security roles. The data center manager may have access to sensitive information or systems that should be protected by security controls, or may influence or override security decisions that are not in the best interest of the organization.
This finding also suggests that there is no clear accountability or authority for information security governance at a higher level, such as senior management or board of directors. The other findings are not as concerning as this one, although they may indicate some areas for improvement or monitoring. References:
* ISACA, CISA Review Manual, 27th Edition, chapter 5, section 5.11
* ISACA, IT Governance Using COBIT and Val IT: Student Booklet - 2nd Edition4

The primary advantage of this approach is that it improves audit efficiency. Audit efficiency is the measure of how well the audit resources are used to achieve the audit objectives. Audit efficiency can be enhanced by using methods or techniques that can save time, cost, or effort without compromising the quality or scope of the audit. By requesting direct access to data required to perform audit procedures instead of asking management to provide the data, the auditor can reduce the dependency on management's cooperation, availability, or timeliness. The auditor can also avoid potential delays, errors, or biases that may occur when management provides the data. References:
CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 2, Section 2.41
CISA Online Review Course, Domain 1, Module 1, Lesson 42