Section: INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
Explanation:
Encryption would be the preferred method of ensuring confidentiality in customer communications with an e- commerce application. Strong passwords, by themselves, would not be sufficient since the data could still be intercepted, while two-factor authentication would be impractical. Digital signatures would not provide a secure means of communication. In most business-to-customer (B-to-C) web applications, a digital signature is also not a practical solution.

Section: INFORMATION RISK MANAGEMENT
Explanation:
Successful risk management should lead to a breakeven point of risk reduction and cost. The other options listed are not achievable. Threats cannot be totally removed or transferred, while losses cannot be budgeted in advance with absolute certainty.