A Trojan is a program that gives the attacker full control over the infected computer, thus allowing the attacker to hijack, copy or alter information after authentication by the user. IP spoofing will not work because IP is not used as an authentication mechanism. Man-in-the-middle attacks are not possible if using SSL with client-side certificates. Repudiation is unlikely because client-side certificates authenticate the user.

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Explanation:
The key reason for performing risk management is that it is part of management's due diligence. The elimination of all risk is not possible. Satisfying audit and regulatory requirements is of secondary importance. A risk management program may or may not increase the return on investment (ROD.

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Explanation:
A security standard should clearly state what is allowable; it should not change frequently. The process for communicating violations would be addressed by a security procedure, not a standard. High-level objectives of an organization would normally be addressed in a security policy.