People, skills and competencies are essential for effective decision making within a governance system.
People are the individuals or groups who perform or are accountable for the governance activities and tasks.
Skills and competencies are the abilities and knowledge that people need to perform their roles and responsibilities. People, skills and competencies are one of the seven enablers of a governance system, as defined by COBIT.13 References: COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology, COBIT 2019 Framework: Governance System

The performance measurements are the indicators that measure the progress and outcomes of the EGIT implementation program plan against the predefined success criteria such as key performance indicators (KPIs), key goal indicators (KGIs), key risk indicators (KRIs), etc. The performance measurements help to evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency, and value of the EGIT implementation program plan, as well as to identify and address any issues, risks, or gaps that may arise during the execution of the program. The projects that should be included when reporting on performance measurements related to an EGIT implementation program plan are all projects deemed appropriate by IT management. IT management is the function that is responsible for planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and monitoring the information and technology activities in an enterprise. IT management is also responsible for selecting, prioritizing, balancing, monitoring, evaluating, and optimizing information and technology investments and initiatives that support business strategy and objectives. IT management has the authority and discretion to decide which projects are relevant and important for reporting on performance measurements related to an EGIT implementation program plan, based on factors such as project scope, size, complexity, duration, cost, risk, interdependencies, alignment, value, etc. By including all projects deemed appropriate by IT management when reporting on performance measurements related to an EGIT implementation program plan, the enterprise can ensure that the report covers the most significant and critical aspects of the program, and that it provides a comprehensive and accurate picture of the program status and performance12 References: 1: COBIT 2019 Implementation Guide:
page 51-52 2: COBIT 2019 Framework: Governance and Management Objectives: page 20-21

The threat landscape is a design factor that describes the types and levels of threats that an enterprise faces from internal and external sources that could compromise its information and technology assets. The threat landscape helps to determine the level of security and resilience that an enterprise needs to protect its information and technology assets from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, destruction, or disruption. When tailoring a governance system for an enterprise, one of the most important factors to consider for an operating environment with a high compliance requirement is the threat landscape. The compliance requirement is another design factor that describes the extent and nature of laws, regulations, standards, guidelines, contracts, or agreements that an enterprise must comply with regarding its information and technology activities. The compliance requirement influences the level of control and assurance that an enterprise needs to demonstrate its adherence to the applicable rules and obligations. By considering the threat landscape in relation to the compliance requirement, an enterprise can ensure that its governance system is appropriate for its risk profile and context, and that it can effectively manage the potential impacts of threats on its compliance status34 References: 3: COBIT 2019 Design Guide: page 41-43 4: COBIT 2019 Design Guide: page 47-48

The process 'Ensured Stakeholder Engagement' (EDM04) is one of the governance processes in COBIT 2019 that involves establishing transparent communication with stakeholders about their needs and expectations from information and technology governance. This process also involves ensuring stakeholder involvement in governance decision making and monitoring stakeholder satisfaction with governance outcomes. One of the roles that is best suited for this responsibility is the board and executive management, who are the highest- level governance body and decision makers in an enterprise. The board and executive management have a duty to ensure that they understand the needs and expectations of various stakeholders such as shareholders, regulators, customers, employees, suppliers, etc., and that they communicate effectively with them about the enterprise's strategy, objectives, performance, risks, issues, opportunities, etc., related to information and technology governance. The board and executive management also have a responsibility to involve stakeholders in governance decision making by soliciting their input, feedback, opinions, suggestions, etc., and by considering their interests and perspectives when making governance choices. The board and executive management also have a role in monitoring stakeholder satisfaction with governance outcomes by measuring stakeholder value realization from information and technology investments and initiatives.
References: : COBIT 2019 Process Reference Guide: Governance and Management Objectives, page 25-27 :
COBIT 2019 Framework: Governance and Management Objectives, page 19-20

The final step in governance system design is to define target capability levels for the most critical objectives.
The governance system design is the process of designing and implementing a governance system for an enterprise using COBIT 2019. The governance system design involves tailoring the COBIT 2019 components such as principles, enablers, goals, processes, practices, roles, structures, metrics, etc., according to the enterprise's context and needs. The governance system design also involves considering various design factors such as enterprise strategy archetype; enterprise goals; IT-related goals; risk profile; IT deployment; threat landscape; compliance requirement; operating environment; size of enterprise; culture; stakeholders; etc., that influence how an enterprise designs and implements its governance system using COBIT 2019. The final step in governance system design is to define target capability levels for the most critical objectives. The capability levels are a measure of how well an enterprise performs its information and technology governance and management processes in terms of process attributes such as process performance, process definition, process deployment, process measurement, process control, process optimization, etc. The capability levels range from 0 (incomplete) to 5 (optimizing), indicating the degree of maturity and effectiveness of an enterprise's information and technology governance and management processes. The critical objectives are the governance and management objectives that have been prioritized based on the design factors and the stakeholder needs. The governance and management objectives are the statements of what an enterprise wants to achieve in terms of its information and technology governance. The governance and management objectives are derived from the enterprise goals, which are the high-level statements of what an enterprise wants to achieve in terms of its mission, vision, values, strategy, etc. By defining target capability levels for the most critical objectives as the final step in governance system design, an enterprise can ensure that it has set realistic and achievable goals for its information and technology governance and management processes that support its strategy and objectives. This will also help to identify the gaps or issues that need to be addressed to enhance the capability levels of the selected processes.
References: : COBIT 2019 Design Guide: page 53-54 : COBIT 2019 Process Assessment Model: page 11-13