Zero Trust Architecture:
* Zero Trust is a security concept centered on the belief that organizations should not automatically trust anything inside or outside their perimeters and must verify everything attempting to connect to their systems.
Basic Tenets of Zero Trust:
* The primary principle is "never trust, always verify." This means every access request is authenticated, authorized, and encrypted regardless of where it originates.
* Zero Trust requires securing all communication, whether it occurs within the internal network or comes from external sources. This approach prevents lateral movement by potential attackers who have breached the network perimeter.
Key Components:
* Authentication and Authorization: Continuous verification of user identities and access privileges.
* Microsegmentation: Dividing the network into small, isolated segments to limit the spread of threats.
* Encryption: Ensuring that all data, whether at rest or in transit, is encrypted to protect its confidentiality and integrity.
Other Options:
* Incoming Traffic Inspection: While important, this is just one aspect of Zero Trust.
* Security Frameworks and Libraries: These are tools and guidelines to implement security but do not define the core tenets of Zero Trust.
* Digital Identities: Implementing digital identities is part of the broader Zero Trust strategy but not a standalone tenet.
References:
* The CISSP Study Guide explains the Zero Trust architecture and its emphasis on securing all communications regardless of network location (Sybex CISSP Study Guide, Chapter 8: Principles of Security Models, Design, and Capabilities).

Differences in regulatory requirements are the most important factor for a multinational organization to consider when developing its security policies and standards. This is because different countries or regions may have different laws, regulations, or standards that govern the protection of information and data, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States, or the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) in Canada. A multinational organization must comply with the applicable regulatory requirements in each jurisdiction where it operates, or it may face legal, financial, or reputational risks. Therefore, the organization should develop its security policies and standards in a way that meets or exceeds the minimum regulatory requirements, and also aligns with its business objectives and risk appetite.
According to the CRISC Review Manual 2022, one of the key elements of IT governance is to ensure compliance with external laws and regulations1. According to the CRISC Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Manual 2022, differences in regulatory requirements is the correct answer to this question2.
Regional competitors' policies and standards, ability to monitor and enforce compliance, and industry- standard templates are not the most important factors for a multinational organization to consider when developing its security policies and standards. These factors may be useful or relevant, but they are not as critical or mandatory as the differences in regulatory requirements. Regional competitors' policies and standards may provide some insights or benchmarks, but they may not reflect the organization's specific needs or risks. Ability to monitor and enforce compliance is an important aspect of implementing and maintaining security policies and standards, but it does not determine the content or scope of the policies and standards. Industry-standard templates may offer some guidance or best practices, but they may not cover all the regulatory requirements or the organization's unique circumstances.

According to the CRISC Review Manual1, a risk action plan is a document that defines the specific actions, resources, responsibilities, and timelines for implementing the risk responses. A risk action plan should be developed after the results of a vulnerability assessment are shared with the relevant stakeholders, such as the business manager, to address the identified vulnerabilities and mitigate the associated risks. Developing a risk action plan is the next step in the risk management process, as it helps to ensure that the risk responses are executed effectively and efficiently, and that the residual risks are within the acceptable levels. References = CRISC Review Manual1, page 201.

Detailed Explanation:When prioritizing risk treatment plans under budget constraints, the focus should be on residual risk relative to appetite and tolerance. This ensures that resources are allocated to risks that exceed the organization's risk appetite, aligning treatment efforts with strategic objectives and minimizing critical exposure.

Cybersecurity incident response procedures are the plans and actions that an organization takes to respond to and recover from a cybersecurity attack. They include identifying the source and scope of the attack, containing and eradicating the threat, restoring normal operations, and analyzing the root cause and lessons learned. Reviewing cybersecurity incident response procedures is the most effective course of action when the probability of a successful cybersecurity attack is increasing and the potential loss could exceed the organization's risk appetite, as it helps to prepare the organization for minimizing the impact and duration of the attack, as well as improving the resilience and security posture of the organization.