The Ping of Death exploits the fragmentation vulnerability of large
ICMP ECHO request packets by sending an illegal packet with more
than 65K of data, creating a buffer overflow.
* a TCP sequence number attack, which exploits the nonrandom predictable pattern of TCP connection sequence numbers to spoof a session.
* a TCP SYN attack, is a DoS attack that exploits the TCP threeway
handshake. The attacker rapidly generates randomly sourced SYN
packets filling the target's connection queue before the connection can timeout.
* land.c attack, is also a DoS attack that exploits TCP
SYN packets. The attacker sends a packet that gives both the source and destination as the target's address, and uses the same source and destination port. Sources: Designing Network Security by Merike Kaeo (Cisco
Press, 1999) and Mastering Network Security by Chris Brenton (Sybex,
1999).

The security officer would be the best person to oversea the development of such policies. Security officers and their teams have typically been charged with the responsibility of creating the security policies. The policies must be written and communicated appropriately to ensure that they can be understood by the end users. Policies that are poorly written, or written at too high of an education level (common industry practice is to focus the content for general users at the sixth- to eighth-grade reading level), will not be understood.
Implementing security policies and the items that support them shows due care by the company and its management staff. Informing employees of what is expected of them and the consequences of noncompliance can come down to a liability issue. While security officers may be responsible for the development of the security policies, the effort should be collaborative to ensure that the business issues are addressed. The security officers will get better corporate support by including other areas in policy development. This helps build buy-in by these areas as they take on a greater ownership of the final product. Consider including areas such as HR, legal, compliance, various IT areas and specific business area representatives who represent critical business units.
When policies are developed solely within the IT department and then distributed without business input, they are likely to miss important business considerations. Once policy documents have been created, the basis for ensuring compliance is established. Depending on the organization, additional documentation may be necessary to support policy. This support may come in the form of additional controls described in standards, baselines, or procedures to help personnel with compliance. An important step after documentation is to make the most current version of the
documents readily accessible to those who are expected to follow them. Many organizations place
the documents on their intranets or in shared file folders to facilitate their accessibility. Such
placement of these documents plus checklists, forms, and sample documents can make
awareness more effective.
For your exam you should know the information below:
End User - The end user is responsible for protecting information assets on a daily basis through
adherence to the security policies that have been communicated.
Executive Management/Senior Management - Executive management maintains the overall
responsibility for protection of the information assets. The business operations are dependent
upon information being available, accurate, and protected from individuals without a need to know.
Security Officer - The security officer directs, coordinates, plans, and organizes information
security activities throughout the organization. The security officer works with many different
individuals, such as executive management, management of the business units, technical staff,
business partners, auditors, and third parties such as vendors. The security officer and his or her
team are responsible for the design, implementation, management, and review of the
organization's security policies, standards, procedures, baselines, and guidelines.
Information Systems Security Professional- Drafting of security policies, standards and supporting
guidelines, procedures, and baselines is coordinated through these individuals. Guidance is
provided for technical security issues, and emerging threats are considered for the adoption of
new policies. Activities such as interpretation of government regulations and industry trends and
analysis of vendor solutions to include in the security architecture that advances the security of the
organization are performed in this role.
Data/Information/Business/System Owners - A business executive or manager is typically
responsible for an information asset. These are the individuals that assign the appropriate
classification to information assets. They ensure that the business information is protected with
appropriate controls. Periodically, the information asset owners need to review the classification
and access rights associated with information assets. The owners, or their delegates, may be
required to approve access to the information. Owners also need to determine the criticality,
sensitivity, retention, backups, and safeguards for the information. Owners or their delegates are
responsible for understanding the risks that exist with regards to the information that they control.
Data/Information Custodian/Steward - A data custodian is an individual or function that takes care
of the information on behalf of the owner. These individuals ensure that the information is available
to the end users and is backed up to enable recovery in the event of data loss or corruption.
Information may be stored in files, databases, or systems whose technical infrastructure must be
managed, by systems administrators. This group administers access rights to the information
assets.
Information Systems Auditor- IT auditors determine whether users, owners, custodians, systems, and networks are in compliance with the security policies, procedures, standards, baselines, designs, architectures, management direction, and other requirements placed on systems. The auditors provide independent assurance to the management on the appropriateness of the security controls. The auditor examines the information systems and determines whether they are designed, configured, implemented, operated, and managed in a way ensuring that the organizational objectives are being achieved. The auditors provide top company management with an independent view of the controls and their effectiveness.
Business Continuity Planner - Business continuity planners develop contingency plans to prepare for any occurrence that could have the ability to impact the company's objectives negatively. Threats may include earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, blackouts, changes in the economic/political climate, terrorist activities, fire, or other major actions potentially causing significant harm. The business continuity planner ensures that business processes can continue through the disaster and coordinates those activities with the business areas and information technology personnel responsible for disaster recovery.
Information Systems/ Technology Professionals- These personnel are responsible for designing security controls into information systems, testing the controls, and implementing the systems in production environments through agreed upon operating policies and procedures. The information systems professionals work with the business owners and the security professionals to ensure that the designed solution provides security controls commensurate with the acceptable criticality, sensitivity, and availability requirements of the application.
Security Administrator - A security administrator manages the user access request process and ensures that privileges are provided to those individuals who have been authorized for access by application/system/data owners. This individual has elevated privileges and creates and deletes accounts and access permissions. The security administrator also terminates access privileges when individuals leave their jobs or transfer between company divisions. The security administrator maintains records of access request approvals and produces reports of access rights for the auditor during testing in an access controls audit to demonstrate compliance with the policies.
Network/Systems Administrator - A systems administrator (sysadmin/netadmin) configures network and server hardware and the operating systems to ensure that the information can be available and accessible. The administrator maintains the computing infrastructure using tools and utilities such as patch management and software distribution mechanisms to install updates and test patches on organization computers. The administrator tests and implements system upgrades to ensure the continued reliability of the servers and network devices. The administrator provides vulnerability management through either commercial off the shelf (COTS) and/or non-COTS solutions to test the computing environment and mitigate vulnerabilities appropriately.
Physical Security - The individuals assigned to the physical security role establish relationships with external law enforcement, such as the local police agencies, state police, or the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to assist in investigations. Physical security personnel manage the installation, maintenance, and ongoing operation of the closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance systems, burglar alarm systems, and card reader access control systems. Guards are placed where necessary as a deterrent to unauthorized access and to provide safety for the company employees. Physical security personnel interface with systems security, human resources, facilities, and legal and business areas to ensure that the practices are integrated.
Security Analyst - The security analyst role works at a higher, more strategic level than the previously described roles and helps develop policies, standards, and guidelines, as well as set various baselines. Whereas the previous roles are "in the weeds" and focus on pieces and parts of the security program, a security analyst helps define the security program elements and follows through to ensure the elements are being carried out and practiced properly. This person works more at a design level than at an implementation level.
Administrative Assistants/Secretaries - This role can be very important to information security; in many companies of smaller size, this may be the individual who greets visitors, signs packages in and out, recognizes individuals who desire to enter the offices, and serves as the phone screener for executives. These individuals may be subject to social engineering attacks, whereby the potential intruder attempts to solicit confidential information that may be used for a subsequent attack. Social engineers prey on the goodwill of the helpful individual to gain entry. A properly trained assistant will minimize the risk of divulging useful company information or of providing unauthorized entry.
Help Desk Administrator - As the name implies, the help desk is there to field questions from users that report system problems. Problems may include poor response time, potential virus infections, unauthorized access, inability to access system resources, or questions on the use of a program. The help desk is also often where the first indications of security issues and incidents will be seen. A help desk individual would contact the computer security incident response team (CIRT) when a situation meets the criteria developed by the team. The help desk resets passwords, resynchronizes/reinitializes tokens and smart cards, and resolves other problems with access control.
Supervisor - The supervisor role, also called user manager, is ultimately responsible for all user activity and any assets created and owned by these users. For example, suppose Kathy is the supervisor of ten employees. Her responsibilities would include ensuring that these employees understand their responsibilities with respect to security; making sure the employees' account information is up-to-date; and informing the security administrator when an employee is fired,
suspended, or transferred. Any change that pertains to an employee's role within the company
usually affects what access rights they should and should not have, so the user manager must
inform the security administrator of these changes immediately.
Change Control Analyst Since the only thing that is constant is change, someone must make sure
changes happen securely. The change control analyst is responsible for approving or rejecting
requests to make changes to the network, systems, or software. This role must make certain that
the change will not introduce any vulnerabilities, that it has been properly tested, and that it is
properly rolled out. The change control analyst needs to understand how various changes can
affect security, interoperability, performance, and productivity. Or, a company can choose to just
roll out the change and see what happens.
The following answers are incorrect:
Systems Administrator - A systems administrator (sysadmin/netadmin) configures network and
server hardware and the operating systems to ensure that the information can be available and
accessible. The administrator maintains the computing infrastructure using tools and utilities such
as patch management and software distribution mechanisms to install updates and test patches
on organization computers. The administrator tests and implements system upgrades to ensure
the continued reliability of the servers and network devices. The administrator provides
vulnerability management through either commercial off the shelf (COTS) and/or non-COTS
solutions to test the computing environment and mitigate vulnerabilities appropriately.
End User - The end user is responsible for protecting information assets on a daily basis through
adherence to the security policies that have been communicated.
Security Administrator - A security administrator manages the user access request process and
ensures that privileges are provided to those individuals who have been authorized for access by
application/system/data owners. This individual has elevated privileges and creates and deletes
accounts and access permissions. The security administrator also terminates access privileges
when individuals leave their jobs or transfer between company divisions. The security
administrator maintains records of access request approvals and produces reports of access
rights for the auditor during testing in an access controls audit to demonstrate compliance with the
policies.
Following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 109
Harris, Shon (2012-10-18). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (p. 108). McGraw-Hill.
Kindle Edition.

The Operations Security domain is concerned with triples - threats, vulnerabilities and assets. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 216.

Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering
the Ten Domains of Computer Security, page 222.
"System crash" and "system failure" are the key words. One "recovers" from a crash or failure.