RFC 1661 - The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) specifies that the Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP) provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-
to-point links. PPP is comprised of three main components:
1 A method for encapsulating multi-protocol datagrams.
2 A Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing, configuring, and testing the data-link connection.
3 A family of Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for establishing and configuring different network-
layer protocols.

The knowledge engineer usually has a computer-related and expert
system background, but does not have the knowledge of the specific
discipline or domain being addressed by the expert system. For
example, the expert system being developed may be a medical diagnostic
system requiring input from diagnostic specialists and other
types of physicians. These individuals are the domain experts. It is the job of the knowledge engineer to elicit the critical knowledge from the domain expert and incorporate it into the expert system knowledge
base. The term object designer in the answers is a distracter.

User provisioning refers to the creation, maintenance, and deactivation of user objects and attributes as they exist in one or more systems, directories, or applications, in response to business processes.
User provisioning software may include one or more of the following components: change propagation, self-service workflow, consolidated user administration, delegated user administration, and federated change control.
User objects may represent employees, contractors, vendors, partners, customers, or other recipients of a service.
Services may include electronic mail, access to a database, access to a file server or mainframe, and so on
The following answers are all incorrect answers:
Creation and deactivation of user accounts
Maintenance and deactivation of user objects and attributes
Delegating user administration
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
Harris, Shon (2012-10-18). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (p. 179). McGraw-
Hill . Kindle Edition.

Fiber is more secure because it is hard to tap into and gives off no EMI such as copper cabling.

Symmetric cryptography ciphers are generally fast and hard to break. So speed is one of the key advantage of Symmetric ciphers and NOT a disadvantage.
Symmetric Ciphers uses simple encryption steps such as XOR, substitution, permutation, shifting columns, shifting rows, etc... Such steps does not required a large amount of processing power compare to the complex mathematical problem used within Asymmetric
Ciphers.
Some of the weaknesses of Symmetric Ciphers are:
The lack of automated key distribution. Usually an Asymmetric cipher would be use to protect the symmetric key if it needs to be communicated to another entity securely over a public network. In the good old day this was done manually where it was distributed using the Floppy Net sometimes called the Sneaker Net (you run to someone's office to give them the key).
As far as the total number of keys are required to communicate securely between a large group of users, it does not scale very well. 10 users would require 45 keys for them to communicate securely with each other. If you have 1000 users then you would need almost half a million key to communicate secure. On Asymmetric ciphers there is only 2000 keys required for 1000 users. The formula to calculate the total number of keys required for a group of users who wishes to communicate securely with each others using Symmetric encryption is Total Number of Users (N) * Total Number of users minus one Divided by 2 or
N (N-1)/2
Symmetric Ciphers are limited when it comes to security services, they cannot provide all of the security services provided by Asymmetric ciphers. Symmetric ciphers provides mostly confidentiality but can also provide integrity and authentication if a Message
Authentication Code (MAC) is used and could also provide user authentication if Kerberos is used for example. Symmetric Ciphers cannot provide Digital Signature and Non-
Repudiation.
Reference used for theis question:
WALLHOFF, John, CBK#5 Cryptography (CISSP Study Guide), April 2002 (page 2).