According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, a nonconformity report is a document that records the details of any deviation from the audit criteria that is identified during an audit2. The audit criteria are the set of policies, procedures, requirements, or specifications that are used as a reference against which audit evidence is compared3. Therefore, a nonconformity report must include the following aspects:
* The description of the nonconformity, which should clearly state what the deviation is, where it occurred, and when it was detected
* The audit findings, which should provide the objective evidence that supports the identification of the nonconformity
* The audit criteria, which should specify the reference document or standard that the nonconformity deviates from
* The recommendations, which should suggest the possible corrective actions or improvements that can be taken to address the nonconformity In scenario 8, Tessa's nonconformity report included the description of the nonconformity, the audit findings, and the recommendations, but it did not specify the audit criteria. Therefore, the report did not include all the necessary aspects and was incomplete.
References:
* 1: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Clause 9.2.3
* 2: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Clause 3.23
* 3: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Clause 3.5
* : ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A.9.2.3

Risk modification is one of the four risk treatment options defined by ISO/IEC 27001, which involves applying controls to reduce the likelihood and/or impact of the risk. By requiring its employees to change their email passwords at least once every 60 days, Company A has implemented a risk modification option to reduce the risk of unauthorized access to its email accounts. Changing passwords frequently can make it harder for attackers to guess or crack the passwords, and can limit the damage if a password is compromised.
The other three risk treatment options are:
* Risk avoidance: This option involves eliminating the risk source or discontinuing the activity that causes the risk. For example, Company A could avoid the risk of email compromise by not using email at all, but this would also mean losing the benefits of email communication.
* Risk retention: This option involves accepting the risk and its consequences, either because the risk is too low to justify any treatment, or because the cost of treatment is too high compared to the potential loss. For example, Company A could retain the risk of email compromise by not implementing any security measures, but this would expose the company to potential breaches and reputational damage.
* Risk transfer: This option involves sharing or transferring the risk to a third party, such as an insurer, a supplier, or a partner. For example, Company A could transfer the risk of email compromise by outsourcing its email service to a cloud provider, who would be responsible for the security and availability of the email accounts.
References:
* ISO/IEC 27001:2013, clause 6.1.3: Information security risk treatment
* ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 4: Planning the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
* ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 6: Implementing the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
* ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 7: Performance evaluation, monitoring and measurement of the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
* ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 8: Continual improvement of the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
* ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 9: Preparing for the ISMS certification audit
* ISO 27001 Risk Assessment & Risk Treatment: The Complete Guide - Advisera1
* Infosec Risk Treatment for ISO 27001 Requirement 8.3 - ISMS.online2
* ISO 27001 Clause 6.1.3 Information security risk treatment3
* ISO 27001 Risk Treatment Plan - Scrut Automation4

According to the ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer course, one of the objectives of information security incident management is to collect and preserve records that can be used as evidence for disciplinary and legal action, as well as for learning andimprovement purposes1. Therefore, Anna should be aware of the collection and preservation of records when gathering data for the forensics team. She should follow the guidelines and procedures specified in the information security incident management policy of InfoSec, which defines the type, format, content, and location of the records to be created and maintained2. The records should be accurate, complete, consistent, and reliable, and should be protected from unauthorized access, modification, or deletion3.
References: 1: PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 8: Information Security Incident Management, slide 16 2: PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 8: Information Security Incident Management, slide 19 3: PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 8: Information Security Incident Management, slide 20

Confidentiality of information is the property that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, or processes. In other words, confidentiality ensures that only those who are authorized to access the information can do so. In the scenario, the confidentiality of information was compromised when the software company modified some files that contained sensitive information related to HealthGenic's patients. This modification resulted in the invasion of patients' privacy, which means that their personal and medical information was exposed to unauthorized parties. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
References: : ISO/IEC 27001:2013, Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Requirements, clause 3.14.