The syllabus mentions that experience-based testing and EDA are effective for detecting biases:
"Experience-based testing can be used to verify that the training dataset is operationally relevant and identify potential sources of bias. EDA is also useful for exploring the data and understanding any relationships that might lead to bias in the model." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 8.3, page 58 of 99)

The syllabus states that non-determinism is one of the key challenges for ensuring safety in AI-based systems:
"The characteristics of AI-based systems that make it more difficult to ensure they are safe... include:
complexity, non-determinism, probabilistic nature, self-learning, lack of transparency, interpretability and explainability, and lack of robustness." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 2.8, page 25 of 99)

The syllabus states:
"When testing probabilistic and non-deterministic systems, the same input may produce different outputs.
Tests need to be run several times to produce statistically valid test results, ensuring that an appropriate number of answers are accurate." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 8.4, page 58 of 99)

The question refers to a problem where data used for an object detection ML system was labelled incorrectly.
This issue is most closely related to "accuracy issues." Here's a detailed explanation:
* Accuracy Issues: The primary goal of labeling data in machine learning is to ensure that the model can accurately learn and make predictions based on the given labels. Incorrectly labeled data directly impacts the model's accuracy, leading to poor performance because the model learns incorrect patterns.
* Why Not Other Options:
* Security Issues: This pertains to data breaches or unauthorized access, which is not relevant to the problem of incorrect data labeling.
* Privacy Issues: This concerns the protection of personal data and is not related to the accuracy of data labeling.
* Bias Issues: While bias in data can affect model performance, it specifically refers to systematic errors or prejudices in the data rather than outright incorrect labeling.
References:This explanation is consistent with the concepts covered in the ISTQB CT-AI syllabus under dataset quality issues and their impact on machine learning models.

The syllabus definesexplainabilityas the ability to understand how the AI-based system comes up with a particular result:
"Explainability is considered to be the ease with which users can determine how the AI-based system comes up with a particular result." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 2.7)