A.echo "${PWD}"

B.echo "${pwd}"

C.echo "${WD}"

D.pwd

E.printwd

A.

B.foo > /tmp/foodata

C.foo | tee /tmp/foodata

D.foo | cp /tmp/foodata

E.foo > stdout >> /tmp/foodata

A.When the ring buffer is explicitly reset using the command dmesg --clear

B.When a configurable amount of time, 15 minutes by default, has passed

C.When the system is shut down or rebooted

D.When the kernel loads a previously unloaded kernel module

E.When the ring buffer is read using dmesg without any additional parameters