The description is classic for metatarsus adductus. The most important clinical factor guiding management is whether the foot is flexible or rigid. Flexible deformities typically resolve spontaneously and do not require intervention.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Pediatrics, "Musculoskeletal Conditions":
"Metatarsus adductus: inward deviation of the forefoot. Management depends on flexibility. Flexible cases are benign and resolve spontaneously; rigid forms may need casting." MCCQE1 Objectives (Pediatrics > 78-2: Musculoskeletal Disorders):
"Candidates must assess and differentiate between flexible and rigid deformities to guide treatment in foot abnormalities." Other findings (B-E) are either unrelated or not determinant in metatarsus adductus management.
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This infant has evidence of urinary outflow obstruction on ultrasound. The most common cause in male infants is posterior urethral valves. Poor urinary stream is a hallmark symptom of bladder outlet obstruction in neonates.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Pediatrics, "Pediatric Urology" Section:
"Posterior urethral valves should be suspected in male infants with recurrent UTIs, hydronephrosis, and a weak urinary stream. Diagnosis is confirmed by voiding cystourethrogram." MCCQE1 Objectives (Pediatrics > 78-4: Urinary Tract Abnormalities):
"Candidates must identify congenital causes of urinary obstruction. Poor stream and hydronephrosis are classic features of posterior urethral valves." Crying with urination (E) is nonspecific. Hematuria (B) and malodorous urine (D) are common with infections. Circumcision (A) is unrelated.

According to Canadian guidelines, women aged 50 to 74 at average risk for breast cancer should undergo routine screening mammography every 2 to 3 years. A great-aunt with breast cancerdoes not raise this patient's risk to high. Mammography is appropriate as she is now due for the next screen.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Population Health, "Screening Guidelines" Section:
"Routine mammography is recommended every 2 years for average-risk women aged 50 to 74. Family history in second-degree or more distant relatives (e.g., great-aunt) does not qualify for high-risk screening or MRI." MCCQE1 Objectives (Population Health > 97-5: Screening and Prevention):
"Candidates should apply Canadian screening recommendations including mammography for average-risk women #50 years old." Self-breast exams (C) are not recommended for screening. PET scan (D) and MRI (E) are reserved for high- risk populations or diagnostic clarification.

Physicians in Canada may charge patients for uninsured services (e.g., completion of forms, cosmetic procedures, some travel-related vaccines), but they may not charge extra for insured services or preferential access. Doing so violates the Canada Health Act, which mandates accessibility and universality of insured services.
Toronto Notes 2023 - ELOM, Health Care System:
"Physicians may charge for uninsured services but may not charge block fees for insured services, nor can they charge for expedited access to insured services." MCCQE1 Objectives - ELOM > Health Policy and System:
"Candidates must recognize practices that violate the principles of publicly funded health care, including charging for insured services or access premiums." Option A is not permitted under law. Options B, D, and E involve insured services (e.g., home visits, after- hours care) and cannot be billed directly to patients.

In elderly women with long-term pessary use and signs of vaginal atrophy (thin epithelium, bleeding, odor), local estrogen is the most appropriate initial treatment to restore the vaginal epithelium and reduce inflammation and discharge. Vaginal estrogen improves mucosal integrity and reduces complications like ulceration, infection, and bleeding.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Gynecology, "Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Pessary Care" Section:
"Local vaginal estrogen therapy is recommended for postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy who are using pessaries. It reduces the risk of erosions, bleeding, and infection, especially when pessary follow-up has been suboptimal." MCCQE1 Objectives (Obstetrics and Gynecology > 82-9: Vaginal Bleeding in Postmenopausal Women):
"Candidates should recognize vaginal atrophy as a common and treatable cause of bleeding in elderly women using pessaries." A biopsy (E) may be needed if symptoms persist after atrophy is treated. Hysteroscopy (A) is invasive and not first-line in this setting. Metronidazole (B) is not indicated without evidence of bacterial vaginosis. Daily saline douching (D) is not recommended and may irritate atrophic mucosa.