Explanation
The diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is suggested when plasma gastrin is > 1000 pg/ml and the basal acid output is > 15 mEq/h or when associated with a pH < 2. The treatment is focused on controlling gastric acid hypersecretion and localisation of the tumour and its metastases. Proton pump inhibitors are the most effective antisecretory drugs and can be administered at high dosages

Thiazolidinediones may cause fluid retention through proposed mechanism of increasing reabsorption in the collecting duct of the kidney and increasing vascular permeability in adipose tissue. Bile acid sequestrants work in the intestine to bind bile acids which doesn't affect fluid retention. GLP-1 receptor agonists work to activate these receptors to secrete insulin from beta pancreatic cells/decrease glucagon secretion/ increase satiety and doesn't affect fluid retention. SGLT2 inhibitors actually cause increase of fluid elimination through the kidneys.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors work in the gut to decrease carb absorption/digestion and have no affect on fluid retention.

Explanation
Use proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients with or who have risk factors for osteoporosis cautiously. PPIs have been associated with a possible increased risk of bone fractures of the hip, wrist, and spine. Daily treatment with a gastric acid-suppressing medication over a long period of time may lead to hypomagnesemia.
Vitamin B12 deficiency has been reported with long term use of PPIs in the literatures. The use of PPIs, may increase the risk of enteric infection by encouraging the growth of gut microflora and increasing susceptibility to organism including Clostridium Difficile. There are recent FDA warnings regarding C.
Diff infection with use of PPIs. H. Pylori infection is not a complication of PPIs. PPIs in combination with certain antibiotics are used to treat H. pylori Infections.

Explanation
A fasting blood glucose level of greater than 7 mmol/L (or greater than 126mg/dL) is an indicator of type 2 diabetes.

Explanation
80kg person = 15mg/kg/day = 1200mg/day 80mg /5ml = 1200mg/X X= 75mL/day / 4 doses = 18.75 mL per dose