Explanation
(A) Limiting initial feeding times will only delay nipple soreness as well as the establishment of the letdown reflex, thus encouraging engorgement from clogged ducts and ductules. (B) Soap should be avoided because it may be excessively drying, predisposing nipples to cracking. (C) For optimal milk production, an additional
500 kcal over maintenance levels are needed daily. (D) Lipase, not lactose, emulsifies the fat in breast milk, making it almost totally digestible by infants.

Explanation
(A) Before giving any emetic, the substance ingested must be known. (B) At least 8 oz of water should be administered along with ipecac syrup to increase volume in the stomach and facilitate vomiting. (C) Water alone will not induce vomiting. An emetic is necessary to facilitate vomiting. (D) Vomiting should never be induced in an unconscious client because of the risk of aspiration.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) Dinitrophenylhydrazine is a laboratory test used to detect phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, and Lowe's syndrome. (B) Metachromatic stain is a laboratory test that may be used to diagnose Tay- Sachs and other lipid diseases of the central nervous system. (C) The blood serum phenylalanine test is diagnostic of phenylketonuria and can be used for wide-scale screening. (D) A lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio of at least 2:1 is indicative of fetal lung maturity, and survival of the fetus is likely.

(A) This statement represents a short-term goal. (B) Long-term therapy should be directed toward assisting the client to cope effectively with stress. (C) Suicide contracts represent short-term interventions. (D) This statement represents an unrealistic goal. Stressful situations cannot be avoided in reality.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) Cataracts are not considered refractive errors. Cataracts canbe described as opacity of the lens. (B) Hyperopiais the term forfarsightedness. One can see objects at a distance more clearlythan close objects.
(C)Myopiais the term for nearsightedness.Objects that are close in distance are more clearly seen. (D) Lazyeye refers to strabismus or misalignment of the eyes.