Explanation
(A) These changes are common characteristics of dementia. (B) Parkinson's disease affects the muscular system. Progressive memory changes are not presenting symptoms. (C) Delirium includes an altered level of consciousness, which is not found in dementia. (D) Mania includes symptoms of hyperactivity, flight of ideas, and delusions of grandeur.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) A client with a supraglottic (horizontal partial) laryngectomy would require special swallowing training, not a vertical partial laryngectomy. (B) The quality of the client's voice will be altered but adequate for communication. (C) The client will have minimal difficulty swallowing. (D) A radical neck dissection may be done with a total laryngectomy, but not with a partial laryngectomy.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) The nurse does not make this assignment. (B) One-to-one observation is not appropriate. It does not focus on the client or encourage communication. (C) The client is too suspicious to accomplish this goal.
(D) The withdrawn individual must learn to communicate on a one-to-one level before moving on to more threatening situations.

Explanation
(A) Raising the client's head and placing her feet in a dependent
position is an independent nursing action that can be taken to
decrease venous return and to reduce pulmonary congestion. (B)
Notifying the physician is an appropriate action that should be
taken after the client is positioned to maximize her respiratory
status. (C) Placing the client on O2may be done with a physician's
order or according to an institution's standing orders; however,
other actions should be taken first. (D) Furosemide 20 mg
IV push is an appropriate medication for the client, but it must
be ordered by her physician.

Explanation
(A) This is normal for a preschooler, and a referral is not appropriate. (B) Telling a parent not to worry is unhelpful. This response does not address the mother's concern. (C) This response is incorrect. The behavior is normal and will usually disappear by the time the child enters school. (D) This behavior is normal development for a preschooler.