(A) Mammary growth as well as milk production and maintenance in the breast occur in response to hormones produced primarily by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. (B) Prolactin stimulates the alveolar cells of the breast to produce milk. It is important in the initiation of breast-feeding. (C) Oxytocin, which is released by the posterior pituitary, stimulates the let-down reflex by contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli. In addition, it causes contractions of the uterus and uterine involution. (D) Afterpains may occur with retained placental fragments. A boggy uterus and continued bleeding are other symptoms that occur in response to retained placental fragments.

(A) Solid foods introduced before 4-6 months of age are not compatible with the abilities of the GI tract and the nutritional needs of the infant. (B) Production of milk is supply and demand. A common growth spurt occurs at 3 months of age, and more frequent nursing will increase the milk supply to satisfy the infant. (C) Supplementation will decrease the infant's appetite and in turn decrease the milk supply. When the infant nurses less often or with less vigor, the amount of milk produced decreases. (D) Rigid feeding schedules lead to a decreased milk supply, whereas frequent nursing signals the mother's body to produce a correspondingly increased amount of milk.

Explanation
(A) A left colostomy indicates an ascending colon resection. This type of colostomy can be irrigated. (B) The stool from an ascending colon resection should be formed. (C) The healthy stoma should be red and slightly raised. If it begins to turn dark or blue, the client should see the physician immediately. (D) The stool in the ascending colon does not usually have many enzymes in it. Stool from an ileostomy has more enzymes and is more irritating to the skin.

(A) The therapeutic blood level range of theophylline is 10-20 mg/mL. Therapeutic drug monitoring determines effective drug dosages and prevents toxicity. (B, D) This value is a toxic level of the drug. (C) This value is a nontherapeutic level of the drug.

Section: Questions Set B
Explanation:
(A) The effects of morphine or an allergic response to the drug will not affect theophylline clearance. (B) Xanthines are used cautiously in clients with severe cardiac disease, liver disease, cor pulmonale, hypertension, or hyperthyroidism. Arthritis does not influence the dosage of theophylline. (C) Theophylline does not cause sedation or drowsiness. Conversely, its side effects may be exhibited by central nervous system stimulation. (D) Cimetidine decreases theophylline clearance from the system and increases theophylline levels in the blood, thus increasing the risk of toxicity.