Derived Factors are used in absence plan eligibility when the value changes over time. According to the Oracle Human Resources Cloud documentation, Derived Factors are used to calculate the value of an attribute, such as Length of Service or Age, based on information that is stored in the system (e.g. hire date). The link you provided gives a detailed explanation of how Derived Factors are used in absence plan eligibility.
https://docs.oracle.com/en/cloud/saas/human-resources/23a/faiam/how-you-configure-eligibility-for-absence-plans.html

https://support.oracle.com/knowledge/Oracle%20E-Business%20Suite/1378641_1.html

This part of the Employee Separation process involves analyzing employee data to identify recruitment needs, retention strategies, and efficient employee management. This process requires an understanding of workforce trends and current employee data to ensure that the separation process is carried out in a timely and effective manner.
https://education.oracle.com/business-process-training-program-lad

Worker-Level budgeting is the correct answer. This budgeting method allows you to determine budget amounts by employee eligible salaries for each manager.
https://docs.oracle.com/en/cloud/saas/human-resources/23a/faiwc/budgeting-methods-in-workforce-compensation-plan-budget-pools.html

This option allows you to copy information from your most recent time card into your current one. It is the simplest and most common way to copy a time card.
https://www.oracle.com/human-capital-management/workforce-management/time-and-labor/datasheet/