Explanation:
Application-Based Attacks
-- Target weaknesses in a particular application and try to exhaust its resources so legitimate users can't use it. An example is the Slowloris attack.
Protocol-Based Attacks
-- Also known as state-exhaustion attacks, they target protocol weaknesses. A common example is a SYN flood attack.
Volumetric Attacks
- -High-volume attacks that attempt to overwhelm the available network resources, especially bandwidth, and bring down the target to prevent legitimate users from accessing its resources. An example is a UDP flood attack.

A transparent proxy operates by intercepting traffic without client configuration, typically redirecting HTTP (port 80) or HTTPS (port 443) to a proxy port on the firewall. In Palo Alto Networks NGFWs, when configuring a NAT rule for a transparent proxy, the standard translated port is 8080 (Option C), commonly used for proxy services. This port is where the firewall redirects client traffic for processing (e.g., URL filtering or decryption) before forwarding it to the destination.

B: There are two DoS protection mechanisms that the Palo Alto Networks firewalls support.
* Flood Protection - Detects and prevents attacks where the network is flooded with packets resulting in too many half-open sessions and/or services being unable to respond to each request. In this case the source address of the attack is usually spoofed.
* Resource Protection - Detects and prevent session exhaustion attacks. In this type of attack, a large number of hosts (bots) are used to establish as many fully established sessions as possible to consume all of a system's resources.
You can enable both types of protection mechanisms in a single DoS protection profile.
D: Provides additional protection between specific network zones in order to protect the zones against attack. The profile must be applied to the entire zone, so it is important to carefully test the profiles in order to prevent issues that may arise with the normal traffic traversing the zones.
When defining packets per second (pps) thresholds limits for zone protection profiles, the threshold is based on the packets per second that do not match a previously established session.
Incorrect Answers:
A: Vulnerability protection stops attempts to exploit system flaws or gain unauthorized access to systems. For example, this feature will protect against buffer overflows, illegal code execution, and other attempts to exploit system vulnerabilities.
C: Data Filtering helps to prevent sensitive information such as credit card or social security numbers from leaving a protected network.
https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/pan-os/9-1/pan-os-admin/policy/security-profiles

command-and-control - Command-and-control URLs and domains used by malware and/or compromised systems to surreptitiously communicate with an attacker's remote server to receive malicious commands or exfiltrate data.
https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/url-filtering/url-categories/url- category-best-practices