Explanation
SAML is an open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, especially between an identity provider and a service provider1. SAML supports multi-factor authentication by allowing the identity provider to require the user to present two or more factors of evidence to prove their identity2. For example, the user may need to enter a password and a one-time code sent to their phone, or scan their fingerprint and face.

Explanation
https://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/6.2.0/Data/Configuretimestamprecognition
"Specify how far (how many characters) into an event Splunk software should look for a timestamp." since TIME_PREFIX = ^ and timestamp is from 0-29 position, so D=30 will pick up the WHOLE timestamp correctly.

Explanation
A bucket is the object that stores events inside of an index. According to the Splunk documentation1, "An index is a collection of directories, also called buckets, that contain index files. Each bucket represents a specific time range." A bucket can be in one of several states, such as hot, warm, cold, frozen, or thawed1. Buckets are managed by indexers or clusters of indexers1.