InGlobal Economics for Managers, demand for a good increases when factors other than its own price change in a favorable direction. Two such changes arean increase in the price of a substituteanda decrease in the price of a complement, making options A and B correct.
When the price of asubstituterises, consumers switch toward the relatively cheaper alternative, increasing demand for the good in question. For example, if the price of coffee increases, demand for tea may rise.
When the price of acomplementfalls, consumers are more likely to purchase both goods together, increasing demand. For instance, a decrease in the price of printers raises demand for printer ink.
Options C and D reduce demand rather than increase it.
Thus, A and B correctly identify changes that increase demand.

InGlobal Economics for Managers,gross domestic product (GDP)is defined asthe market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period, making option C correct. GDP is the most widely used indicator of a country's economic performance and size.
GDP includes onlyfinal goods and servicesto avoid double counting. Intermediate goods used in production are excluded because their value is already embedded in final goods. GDP also measures productionwithin national borders, regardless of whether the producers are domestic or foreign-owned firms.
Option A, GNI, includes income earned by citizens abroad and excludes income earned domestically by foreign firms. Option B subtracts depreciation from GDP. Option D is not a standard national income measure.
Managers use GDP to evaluate market potential, economic growth, and country risk. Therefore, option C correctly identifies GDP.

InGlobal Economics for Managers,formal institutionsare represented primarily bylaws, making option C correct. Formal institutions include constitutions, statutes, regulations, contracts, and property rights that are officially codified and enforced by governments or legal authorities.
These institutions reduce uncertainty by clearly defining acceptable behavior and outlining consequences for violations. For firms, formal institutions establish the legal framework for business operations, including rules governing entry, competition, taxation, and dispute resolution.
Options A, B, and D describeinformal institutions, which are unwritten and enforced through social mechanisms rather than legal authority.
Therefore, option C correctly identifies laws as representations of formal institutions.

InGlobal Economics for Managers, thecontender strategyis appropriate whenindustry pressure to globalize is high, but competitive assets are customized to home markets, making option B correct. This strategy is typically adopted by domestic firms facing strong competition from multinational enterprises (MNEs) in industries that are becoming increasingly global.
High pressure to globalize means that firms must compete on an international scale, often due to global customers, standardized products, or strong foreign competitors. However, when a firm's competitive assets- such as brand reputation, customer relationships, distribution networks, or regulatory knowledge-are deeply rooted in the home market, they are not easily transferable abroad. In this situation, the firm cannot immediately expand internationally without losing its competitive advantage.
Under a contender strategy, firms focus ondefending and strengthening their domestic positionwhile gradually upgrading capabilities to prepare for future global competition. This may involve improving efficiency, investing in technology, forming selective alliances, or learning from foreign competitors operating in the home market.
Option A describes conditions suitable for anextender strategy, where firms can leverage transferable assets internationally. Options C and D reflect low pressure to globalize and are more consistent with defender or dodger strategies rather than contender behavior.
Therefore, option B best captures the conditions under which the contender strategy is applied in response to MNE competition.

InGlobal Economics for Managers,purchasing power parity (PPP)is defined asa theory suggesting that the price for identical products sold in different countries must be the same in the absence of trade barriers, making option A correct. PPP is a fundamental concept in international economics used to analyze exchange rates and compare price levels across countries.
The core idea behind PPP is thelaw of one price, which states that identical goods should sell for the same price when prices are expressed in a common currency, assuming no transportation costs, tariffs, or market frictions. If prices differ, arbitrage opportunities arise, leading market forces to adjust prices or exchange rates until parity is restored.
Option B refers to speculative gains from exchange rate inefficiencies, not PPP. Option C describesherd behaviorin financial markets. Option D incorrectly links exchange rates directly to socioeconomic well- being, which is not the theoretical basis of PPP.
Global Economics for Managersdistinguishes betweenabsolute PPP, which compares price levels directly, andrelative PPP, which focuses on changes in inflation rates and predicts how exchange rates should adjust over time. While PPP may not hold perfectly in the short run due to trade barriers and non-traded goods, it remains a valuable long-run benchmark for evaluating currency misalignment.
For managers, PPP is useful when assessing international cost competitiveness, long-term exchange rate trends, and global pricing strategies. Thus, option A accurately captures the definition and purpose of purchasing power parity.