Forensic Schedule Analysis (FSA) often compares the planned progress (as-planned) with the actual progress (as-built). This method helps identify variances and delays by analyzing how the actual construction compares with what was originally planned. This comparison is crucial in understanding deviations from the schedule and assessing the impact of delays.

In project scheduling, performing a backward pass through a precedence diagram allows the project manager to calculate the total float for each activity. The backward pass starts from the project's end date and works backward to determine the latest possible start and finish times for each activity without delaying the project. This calculation is essential for identifying critical path activities and understanding where there is flexibility in the schedule (i.e., float) for non-critical tasks.
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In construction and project management, a three-party contractual relationship typically involves three key participants: the Owner, the Engineer, and the Contractor.
Key Points:
Owner:
The entity that funds and owns the project. The owner defines the project scope, objectives, and requirements and is the ultimate decision-maker.
Engineer:
Often referred to as the "Designer" or "Consultant," the engineer is responsible for the technical design and specifications of the project. They ensure the project is constructed according to the owner's requirements and standards.
Contractor:
The party responsible for executing the construction work. The contractor follows the design provided by the engineer and delivers the project within the agreed terms of the contract.
Conclusion: The correct answer is C. Owner, engineer, contractor because these three parties are central to the execution and management of construction projects under a three-party contractual arrangement.

A life-cycle cost analysis of a power plant typically includes all costs associated with the plant over its entire lifespan. This includes construction cost, operating cost, and maintenance cost. These costs provide a comprehensive view of the total financial commitment required to build, operate, and maintain the power plant, making them crucial factors in evaluating the plant's overall economic viability. The other options listed (Factory expenses, distribution expenses, mark-up; Capacity factor, end product units, physical dimensions; Resources, work activities, final cost objects) are related to different aspects of cost analysis but are not comprehensive enough for a life-cycle cost analysis. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Construction cost, operating cost, maintenance cost.
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Productivity is defined as the measure of the number of units completed divided by the work-hours consumed. It is a key performance indicator in construction and other project-based industries, reflecting how efficiently resources are being used to produce outputs.
Key Points:
Productivity Calculation:
Productivity = Number of units completed / Work-hours consumed.
Higher productivity means more output is being generated per unit of time, indicating efficient use of resources.
Other Terms:
Lined Value: Not a standard term related to productivity.
Credit Work-Hours: A concept related to earned work-hours, not a direct measure of productivity.
Cost Performance Index (CPI): A measure in earned value management indicating the cost efficiency of budgeted resources, calculated as EV/AC.
Conclusion: The correct answer is C. Productivity because it directly refers to the efficiency of labor in terms of output per work-hour.