A simple definition of consideration is as follows - an exchange between the parties which results in a benefit to one party, and a detriment to the other. The case of Currie v Misa (1874) LR 10 Ex 153 provides an apt description of this:
"A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered, or undertaken by the other." A practical example of this can be found by examining a simple contract. Party A offers £500 to Party B, who in exchange will fit his car with a new engine. Party A receives the benefit of his car being fixed, whilst Party B incurs the detriment of having to take time, effort, and perhaps expenses to fix the car.
Reference:
- Consideration & Promissory Estoppel
- CIPS study guide page 36-40
LO 1, AC 1.2

Advantages of using invitation to tender may be as below:
No Nepotism: Tenders or bids are evaluated on the basis of certain predetermined criteria, such as price, quality and value for money. In other words, the firm offering the highest quality product or service at the lowest price point would win the contract. As most tender documents are opened and evaluated in a public process, I think that there remains little room for nepotism or favoritism of any kind.
Value for Money: From the perspective of the client, tenders offer the greatest value for the amount of money spent. This is due to the fact that the client can choose from a wide pool of potential suppliers to select the ones that can produce the highest quality product or service at the lowest price point. This allows the company, establishment or organization to save money without having to compromise on quality. Therefore, despite being quite time consuming, tendering is, in my opinion, a profitable long-term process from an organization's point of view.
Encourages Competition: The process of tendering helps promote a competitive market. This is because a number of potential contractors, firms or suppliers get a chance to bid for every project. And because selection depends on quality and price, every bidder tries to reduce operational inefficiencies and redundancies as much as possible in order to lower expenses and improve quality. This entire process encourages healthy competition in the market and prevents complacency and laziness, which in turn provides a boost to innovation and new ideas.
Easier Entry: The system of tendering makes it easier and simpler for new firms to enter the market or even a particular industry. This is due to the fact that contracts under this system are awarded on the basis of predetermined, objective criteria. As a result, even a firm that is a new entrant to the market, having no connections or contacts in the industry, can win a prestigious and lucrative contract by providing the highest value for the client's money. This process therefore helps new firms to quickly get a foothold in the market or industry, thus significantly lowering the traditional barriers to entry.
Reference:
- Characteristics and Benefits of the Tendering Process
- CIPS study guide page 6-8
LO 1, AC 1.1

If a party is induced to enter a contract based on a misrepresentation, the contract becomes voidable at the option of the misled party. This means the misled party can either rescind (cancel) the contract or affirm it and seek damages. The nature of the misrepresentation (fraudulent, negligent, or innocent) affects the availability of damages.
Reference:CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting Study Guide, Chapter 1, Section 1.3.1 - Remedies for breach of contract and misrepresentation.

FIDIC is the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (or Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs Conseils in French). FIDIC has produced many publications, including the model form contracts, best practice guidances, research on sustainability, integrity and risk management. FIDIC model form contracts have been developed by this organisation since 1999, now they consist of several different books which are marked by colours. Thus, FIDIC model contracts also have the nickname "Rainbow suite of contracts". Basically, the
"Rainbow Suite" include the following books:
* Yellow book: Plant and Design-Build Contract (2 editions: 1999 and 2017)
* Silver book: EPC/Turnkey Contract (2 editions: 1999 and 2017)
* Red book: Construction Contracts (2 editions: 1999 and 2017)
* Emerald book: Conditions of Contract for Underground Works (1st Ed 2019)
* Blue-Green book: Dredgers Contract (2 editions: 2006 and 2016)
* Gold book: Design, Build and Operate Contract Guide
* Pink book: Construction Contract Multilateral Development Bank Harmonised Ed (2 editions: 2005 and
2010)
This type of model contract is commonly used around the world because its author, International Federation of Consulting Engineers, collaborates closely with development banks such as World Bank, Africa Development Bank, Asia Development Bank, etc. Every construction project that is financed by these institutions must adopt the FIDIC contracts.
The Joint Contracts Tribunal, also known as the JCT, produces standard forms of contract for construction, guidance notes and other standard documentation for use in the constructionindustry in the United Kingdom.
From its establishment in 1931, JCT has expanded the number of contributing organisations.
ITC (International Trade Centre) produces contracts specifically designed for small companies doing international business, covering the sale of goods, distribution, services and joint ventures. Many small companies are now engaged in international trade, but don't have access to the necessary contract forms to protect themselves. ITC and leading legal experts developed eight generic contract templates that incorporate internationally recognized standards and laws for most small business situations.
CIPS has several model forms of contract designed specifically for IT buying and servicing.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 142
LO 3, AC 3.1

Consideration is one thing given in exchange for another.
In this case, considerations of customers are three wrappers and 1s6d. Consideration of Nestle is Rockin' Shoes record or a voucher.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 36-40
LO 1, AC 1.2